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Welcome to this tour of important sites in the history of Coffee County. For your reference, we are providing a timeline of events eyewitnesses will recount at each of our tour stops.

A Timeline of School Desegregation in Coffee County

\n\n

On this tour, you will hear Coffee Countians tell unfamiliar stories of familiar places. Community members remember segregation's impact on their lives and tell personal experiences in the struggle for desegregation. They share stories of protest, courage, disappointment, and joy. You may access these stories in videos provided in the slider at the top of each tour stop. Many tour stops have more than one video. You can swipe through the options on the slider or click the video or photo's right or left side to view your choices. You may enable captions by tapping the \"cc\" button on each video.

\n\n

In addition to accounts of this pivotal point in Coffee County’s history, you also have access to an extended history of the featured location and/or institution illustrated by drawings, photographs, and newspaper articles. This additional information is in the body of text below the slider.

Locations are numbered and one may follow the route suggested by the numbering, which begins with the Coffee County Courthouse in Douglas, or one may determine one's own route. \n1)\tSchools are indicated by a BLUE marker.\n2)\tRecreation sites are indicated by a GREEN marker.\n3)\tInstitutions and businesses are indicated by a RED marker.

\n\n

You can visit these sites in person with your smartphone or tablet, driving directions are provided once your GPS is enabled, or you may visit them virtually at home on your computer. How you explore these resources is your choice.

\n\n

This story is by no means complete. We are always eager to learn more. Feel free to contact us with your stories and comments.

\n\n

","flat_pages",[1258,1259,1260],"id",13,"is_geo",true,"link_address","link_text","map_icon","map_overlay","map_type","hybrid","media",[1249],"meta_description","Here you will find a tour of sites in Coffee County, Georgia important to the county's journey to school desegregation. This multi-media experience uses oral histories and archival photographs to give the user an understanding of this pivotal point in the history of race relations in one Southern Georgia county. Towns and communities included: Douglas, Broxton, Nicholls, Ambrose and West Green.","mode",{"_35":84,"_74":1246},"modes",[1237,1238,1239,1240],"open_geographies_endpoint","published","published_on","2026-09-10","read_duration","25 minutes reading","restrict_bounds","restrict_bounds_to_overlay","sanitized_description","Welcome to this tour of important sites in the history of Coffee County. For your reference, we are providing a timeline of events eyewitnesses will recount at each of our tour stops.\nA Timeline of School Desegregation in Coffee County\n\n On this tour, you will hear Coffee Countians tell unfamiliar stories of familiar places. Community members remember segregation's impact on their lives and tell personal experiences in the struggle for desegregation. They share stories of protest, courage, disappointment, and joy. You may access these stories in videos provided in the slider at the top of each tour stop. Many tour stops have more than one video. You can swipe through the options on the slider or click the video or photo's right or left side to view your choices. You may enable captions by tapping the \"cc\" button on each video.\n\nIn addition to accounts of this pivotal point in Coffee County’s history, you also have access to an extended history of the featured location and/or institution illustrated by drawings, photographs, and newspaper articles. This additional information is in the body of text below the slider. Locations are numbered and one may follow the route suggested by the numbering, which begins with the Coffee County Courthouse in Douglas, or one may determine one's own route. \n1)\tSchools are indicated by a BLUE marker.\n2)\tRecreation sites are indicated by a GREEN marker.\n3)\tInstitutions and businesses are indicated by a RED marker.\n\nYou can visit these sites in person with your smartphone or tablet, driving directions are provided once your GPS is enabled, or you may visit them virtually at home on your computer. How you explore these resources is your choice.\n\nThis story is by no means complete. We are always eager to learn more. Feel free to contact us with your stories and comments. \n\n","splash",{"_74":287,"_141":1235,"_143":1236},"slug","slugs",[1200,1201,1202,1203,1204,1205,1206,1207,1208,1209,1210,16,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224,1225,1226,1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234],"stop_count",21,"stops",[86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106],"tenant_title","Georgia Humanities","title","Overcoming Segregation","travel_duration","About 2 hours 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Nicholls, Georgia received its town charter in 1898. A few years earlier Southern Pine Company had chosen that area of the county for a large sawmill. When the Waycross Air Line Railroad was built from Waycross to Nicholls in 1895, the town’s future was assured, and a one-teacher school was organized for Nicholls' White children. Classes were held in a two-story building near the town center. In 1909 the town voted to issue bonds and build a school. The town also decided to remain independent from the county school board by creating a city school board. Nicholls High School was the first state-accredited high school in the county. The city maintained its own school system for twenty years and in 1929, Nicholls joined the county school system.

\n\n

By the 1940s, the Nicholls Colored School had three teachers. County funding for this school was limited. When the Nicholls Colored School petitioned the school board for a new classroom, the Coffee County School Board determined that the school would receive materials for the additional room, but that supporters of the school must build it themselves.

\n\n

In 1947 Nicholls voted to issue bonds and expand Nicholls High and Elementary School. This was considered by the school board, but when it became clear that the State School Building Authority was being established to improve school facilities across the state, this expansion was postponed. Rather than fund improvements to Nicholls Colored School, it was closed and Nicholls' Black students in grades one through twelve were bused to Douglas’s Carver High and Elementary School's newly built school in the fall of 1954. There had been so little attention paid to the Nicholls Colored School that when the time came to sell the building, city records had to be searched to determine the identity of the owner.

A new facility was built for White students, Nicholls High and Elementary School. Because of its proximity to Bacon County, some Bacon County students who lived close to Nicholls, were granted permission to attend school in Nicholls. Bacon County agreed to this arrangement and provided bus service.

\n\n\n\n

In the school year 1968-1969, the third year of voluntary desegregation, the Coffee County School Board stopped bus service from Nicholls to Douglas’s George Washington Carver School, leaving Black students in Nicholls no option but to attend Nicholls High and Elementary School. A few years earlier, through the efforts of a Methodist minister, Reverend Maxwell Barlow, the county’s first integrated Boy Scout troupe had been founded in Nicholls and there were many examples of children of both races playing sports together. As a result, there was little resistance to desegregation in Nicholls. When the schools were closed county-wide because of resistance to desegregation the following year, one teacher found it difficult to explain to her class the reasons for this interruption, since integration was already an accepted fact in their classroom. While a small number of Nicholls’ students opted to attend the still segregated Bacon County Schools, there was no open resistance to integration in Nicholls and the transition was smooth. Support for the school’s sports teams was overwhelmingly enthusiastic and the town united behind their athletes and their school.

\n\n

Nicholls High School was closed in 1990 when the county's high schools consolidated. The school facility in Nicholls was renovated and expanded providing the area with a new elementary school, which was upgraded in 2017.

","direction_intro","direction_notes","icon_color","#31abd3",165,"lat",31.5171955,"lng",-82.6370439,[148,149],"Nicholls High School was the first state-accredited high school in Coffee County. Nicholls had a city-run school system and did not join the county school system until 1929. Here you will find two videos, one detailing Nicholls's unconventional path to desegregation. The second video includes an eyewitness report of Governor Maddox riding a bicycle backwards.","orphaned","parking_lat","parking_lng","Nicholls, Georgia received its town charter in 1898. A few years earlier Southern Pine Company had chosen that area of the county for a large sawmill. When the Waycross Air Line Railroad was built from Waycross to Nicholls in 1895, the town’s future was assured, and a one-teacher school was organized for Nicholls' White children. Classes were held in a two-story building near the town center. In 1909 the town voted to issue bonds and build a school. The town also decided to remain independent from the county school board by creating a city school board. Nicholls High School was the first state-accredited high school in the county. The city maintained its own school system for twenty years and in 1929, Nicholls joined the county school system.\n\nBy the 1940s, the Nicholls Colored School had three teachers. County funding for this school was limited. When the Nicholls Colored School petitioned the school board for a new classroom, the Coffee County School Board determined that the school would receive materials for the additional room, but that supporters of the school must build it themselves.\n\nIn 1947 Nicholls voted to issue bonds and expand Nicholls High and Elementary School. This was considered by the school board, but when it became clear that the State School Building Authority was being established to improve school facilities across the state, this expansion was postponed. Rather than fund improvements to Nicholls Colored School, it was closed and Nicholls' Black students in grades one through twelve were bused to Douglas’s Carver High and Elementary School's newly built school in the fall of 1954. There had been so little attention paid to the Nicholls Colored School that when the time came to sell the building, city records had to be searched to determine the identity of the owner. A new facility was built for White students, Nicholls High and Elementary School. Because of its proximity to Bacon County, some Bacon County students who lived close to Nicholls, were granted permission to attend school in Nicholls. Bacon County agreed to this arrangement and provided bus service.\n\n\n\nIn the school year 1968-1969, the third year of voluntary desegregation, the Coffee County School Board stopped bus service from Nicholls to Douglas’s George Washington Carver School, leaving Black students in Nicholls no option but to attend Nicholls High and Elementary School. A few years earlier, through the efforts of a Methodist minister, Reverend Maxwell Barlow, the county’s first integrated Boy Scout troupe had been founded in Nicholls and there were many examples of children of both races playing sports together. As a result, there was little resistance to desegregation in Nicholls. When the schools were closed county-wide because of resistance to desegregation the following year, one teacher found it difficult to explain to her class the reasons for this interruption, since integration was already an accepted fact in their classroom. While a small number of Nicholls’ students opted to attend the still segregated Bacon County Schools, there was no open resistance to integration in Nicholls and the transition was smooth. Support for the school’s sports teams was overwhelmingly enthusiastic and the town united behind their athletes and their school.\n\nNicholls High School was closed in 1990 when the county's high schools consolidated. The school facility in Nicholls was renovated and expanded providing the area with a new elementary school, which was upgraded in 2017.\n","nicholls-high-and-elementary-school",[145,146,147,132,132],{"_74":140,"_141":142,"_143":144},"Nicholls High and Elementary School","stop","video_embed","video_poster",[],"Nicholls High & Elementary School","caption","In the early 1960s a Methodist minister paves the way for school integration in a small town by founding an inclusive Boy Scout Troop.","url","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/5nik5pd8808noncuqqytx2j9s26a?variant=desktop","untitled","nicholls-high-school","nicholls-elementary-high-school",{"_111":183,"_108":24,"_141":142,"_152":153,"_154":184,"_156":185,"_158":186,"_160":187,"_35":188,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":140,"_172":185},{"_111":150,"_108":84,"_141":151,"_152":153,"_154":155,"_156":157,"_158":159,"_160":161,"_35":162,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":171,"_172":157},940,"Reality and fantasy converge when Governor Lester Maddox visits Nicholls, Georgia.","desktop_width",750,"embed","//player.vimeo.com/video/583508655","embed_id","583508655","filename","MaddoxThumbnail_TopLeft.png","files",{"_173":174,"_175":176,"_177":178,"_179":180,"_181":182},1052,"lqip_width",5,"mobile_width",300,"original_image","provider","tablet_width",400,"Gov. 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Main Street, Broxton, Georgia 1920 & 2021

It is generally agreed that Jesse Lott’s “place” became Broxton around 1887. The Waycross Herald reported, “Jessie Lott is running a most extensive business, being a general merchant, postmaster, sawmill owner and is running a rice machine, grist mill, turpentine still and a large farm. He is also a warm-hearted Christian gentleman.” Jessie Lott’s success made Broxton a serious contender for the county seat, but Douglas managed to retain political control. In 1903, The Broxton Journal began publication and in 1904 Broxton’s first consolidated school was built. It served as an elementary school and offered some high school courses for students in the surrounding area. By 1930 the thirteen-room school had 14 teachers and 480 students. The school was rebuilt, utilizing a part of the 1904 structure, and when it opened in September 1939, it offered something new, hot lunches.

\n\n

In the early 1950s, the county school system considered closing Broxton High School in an effort to consolidate all of the White high schools in the county. The people of Broxton found this proposal unacceptable. Instead, the campus was upgraded with the addition of new classrooms and a new lunchroom. A number of Broxton High graduates earned teaching degrees and returned to teach at their Alma Mater, with at least two finding themselves teaching their first class in the classroom where they had begun their education.

\n\n

When voluntary school desegregation began in the mid-1960s, a few Black students transferred to Broxton High and Elementary from Mary Hayes Elementary and Carver High School. The number of transferees continued to increase slightly and in the school year 1968-1969, the Coffee County School Board decided to stop bus service for Black students from the Broxton area to Douglas’s Carver High School. Students who wanted to attend Carver would have to provide their own transportation. Because few students could do this, Broxton High School absorbed most of the district’s Black high school students a year before mandatory desegregation. Despite this early transition, resistance to desegregation remained. The following year, Broxton students participated in the county-wide boycott.

\n\n

To accommodate the new student body, students in first through third grades attended Mary Hayes Elementary, while the remaining students in the area attended Broxton High and Elementary. Mr. Joe Studstill, Broxton High’s former principal, and Mr. Charles Ingram, former principal of Mary Hayes, became co-principals of both schools, the only arrangement of its kind in the county school system.

\n\n

In 1990 the Broxton’s girls’ basketball team won their first state championship. That same year, Broxton High School closed. The county high schools were consolidated in the fall of 1990. Broxton High School was eventually demolished.

",31.62264657,-82.88441045,[214,215],"Broxton, Georgia’s first school, an elementary school offering a few high school courses, opened in 1904. The school grew, was rebuilt, and a complete high school curriculum was eventually added. In a video, you will hear students, parents, and teachers describe the first year of school desegregation, 1969-1970, while viewing photos of that school year.","\nMain Street, Broxton, Georgia 1920 & 2021It is generally agreed that Jesse Lott’s “place” became Broxton around 1887. The Waycross Herald reported, “Jessie Lott is running a most extensive business, being a general merchant, postmaster, sawmill owner and is running a rice machine, grist mill, turpentine still and a large farm. He is also a warm-hearted Christian gentleman.” Jessie Lott’s success made Broxton a serious contender for the county seat, but Douglas managed to retain political control. In 1903, The Broxton Journal began publication and in 1904 Broxton’s first consolidated school was built. It served as an elementary school and offered some high school courses for students in the surrounding area. By 1930 the thirteen-room school had 14 teachers and 480 students. The school was rebuilt, utilizing a part of the 1904 structure, and when it opened in September 1939, it offered something new, hot lunches.\n\nIn the early 1950s, the county school system considered closing Broxton High School in an effort to consolidate all of the White high schools in the county. The people of Broxton found this proposal unacceptable. Instead, the campus was upgraded with the addition of new classrooms and a new lunchroom. A number of Broxton High graduates earned teaching degrees and returned to teach at their Alma Mater, with at least two finding themselves teaching their first class in the classroom where they had begun their education.\n\nWhen voluntary school desegregation began in the mid-1960s, a few Black students transferred to Broxton High and Elementary from Mary Hayes Elementary and Carver High School. The number of transferees continued to increase slightly and in the school year 1968-1969, the Coffee County School Board decided to stop bus service for Black students from the Broxton area to Douglas’s Carver High School. Students who wanted to attend Carver would have to provide their own transportation. Because few students could do this, Broxton High School absorbed most of the district’s Black high school students a year before mandatory desegregation. Despite this early transition, resistance to desegregation remained. The following year, Broxton students participated in the county-wide boycott.\n\nTo accommodate the new student body, students in first through third grades attended Mary Hayes Elementary, while the remaining students in the area attended Broxton High and Elementary. Mr. Joe Studstill, Broxton High’s former principal, and Mr. Charles Ingram, former principal of Mary Hayes, became co-principals of both schools, the only arrangement of its kind in the county school system.\n\nIn 1990 the Broxton’s girls’ basketball team won their first state championship. That same year, Broxton High School closed. The county high schools were consolidated in the fall of 1990. Broxton High School was eventually demolished.\n",[145,212,213,194,194],{"_74":209,"_141":210,"_143":211},[],"Broxton High & Elementary 1969-1970","Broxton students, teachers and parents remember the 1969-1970 school year. Trigger warning: Racial Slur","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/r4a2yxle1iz9nzwwm4l9pun4cxcb?variant=desktop","broxton-high-school","broxton-high-elementary-school",{"_111":228,"_108":84,"_141":210,"_152":153,"_154":229,"_156":230,"_158":231,"_160":232,"_35":233,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":170,"_74":209,"_172":230},{"_111":216,"_108":217,"_141":218,"_152":153,"_154":-5,"_156":-5,"_158":219,"_160":220,"_35":221,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":219,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":222,"_172":-5},658,3,"Photo from Coffee County Historical Society Collection","16263777147.jpeg",{"_173":223,"_175":224,"_177":225,"_179":226,"_181":227},744,"Broxton High and Elementary School, 1904-1939","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/uok405hoqgzie8kmhkhm5pwtdcs8","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/uok405hoqgzie8kmhkhm5pwtdcs8?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/uok405hoqgzie8kmhkhm5pwtdcs8?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/uok405hoqgzie8kmhkhm5pwtdcs8?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/uok405hoqgzie8kmhkhm5pwtdcs8?variant=lqip",970,"//player.vimeo.com/video/700898613","700898613","700898613.jpg",{"_173":235,"_175":236,"_177":237,"_179":211,"_181":238},1082,"vimeo","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/r4a2yxle1iz9nzwwm4l9pun4cxcb","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/r4a2yxle1iz9nzwwm4l9pun4cxcb?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/r4a2yxle1iz9nzwwm4l9pun4cxcb?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/r4a2yxle1iz9nzwwm4l9pun4cxcb?variant=lqip",251,"mary-hayes-elementary-school","Mary Hayes Elementary School",{"_35":193,"_65":194,"_74":195},19,{"_35":112,"_65":271,"_74":272},253,"114 Mary Hayes Rd, Broxton, GA 31519, USA","

In the Coffee County School Board Minutes, the elementary school for Black students in Broxton is first known as Broxton Colored School. The land for this school was donated by a prominent Broxton citizen, Mary Hayes. Born in 1868, Mary Hayes was the best-known member of the Broxton community. She was a midwife and assisted local physicians with women giving birth throughout the Broxton area. Once a baby arrived, residents said she “granted” them. This meant that Mary Hayes stayed on and helped until the mother was able to take care of the baby on her own. Many people in the Broxton area considered Mary Hayes a healer and relied on her for her poultices and herbal remedies. Overworked doctors welcomed this help. Mary Hayes was an ardent supporter of education. In addition to donating the land for the Broxton Colored School, she founded the school's first PTA, provided fuel for the school, and created a school lunch program. Her life was a life of service. After her death in 1953, the school’s name was officially changed to Mary Hayes Elementary School.

\n\n

In the early 1950s as the State School Building Authority began building new schools across the state, the Coffee County School Board determined that the Broxton Colored School should benefit from this program. More land was purchased and in February 1954 ground was broken for the new Mary Hayes Elementary School. The new school opened in the fall of that year with Mr. Joseph D. Murray Sr. as principal. Mr. Charles Ingram was appointed Principal in 1957. Through Mr. Ingram's diligent efforts, the school’s library grew. Land was purchased for an addition to the school and in 1962 the old lunchroom was sold, and new playground equipment was purchased with the proceeds. Attendance increased and the school board determined that eighth-grade students would be bused to Carver High School in Douglas. After schools were ordered to desegregate in September 1969, Broxton students in grades one through three attended Mary Hayes Elementary.

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Broxton High School closed in 1990. The remaining elementary school was renamed Broxton-Mary Hayes Elementary School. Once the Broxton High School building was demolished, a new facility was built for Broxton-Mary Hayes Elementary on land adjacent to the site of the former Broxton High School.

",31.6322272,-82.89932449999999,[259],"First known as Broxton Colored School, the land for Mary Hayes Elementary School was donated by Mrs. Mary Hayes. Born in 1868, Mrs. Hayes was illiterate and earned her money as a midwife. Her care for her fellow citizens was profound and she not only provided the land for the school but made sure hot lunches would be served to the students. Mr. Charles Ingram, the school’s last principal during the era of segregation, tells us about his work, the school’s teachers, and their students.","In the Coffee County School Board Minutes, the elementary school for Black students in Broxton is first known as Broxton Colored School. The land for this school was donated by a prominent Broxton citizen, Mary Hayes. Born in 1868, Mary Hayes was the best-known member of the Broxton community. She was a midwife and assisted local physicians with women giving birth throughout the Broxton area. Once a baby arrived, residents said she “granted” them. This meant that Mary Hayes stayed on and helped until the mother was able to take care of the baby on her own. Many people in the Broxton area considered Mary Hayes a healer and relied on her for her poultices and herbal remedies. Overworked doctors welcomed this help. Mary Hayes was an ardent supporter of education. In addition to donating the land for the Broxton Colored School, she founded the school's first PTA, provided fuel for the school, and created a school lunch program. Her life was a life of service. After her death in 1953, the school’s name was officially changed to Mary Hayes Elementary School.\n\nIn the early 1950s as the State School Building Authority began building new schools across the state, the Coffee County School Board determined that the Broxton Colored School should benefit from this program. More land was purchased and in February 1954 ground was broken for the new Mary Hayes Elementary School. The new school opened in the fall of that year with Mr. Joseph D. Murray Sr. as principal. Mr. Charles Ingram was appointed Principal in 1957. Through Mr. Ingram's diligent efforts, the school’s library grew. Land was purchased for an addition to the school and in 1962 the old lunchroom was sold, and new playground equipment was purchased with the proceeds. Attendance increased and the school board determined that eighth-grade students would be bused to Carver High School in Douglas. After schools were ordered to desegregate in September 1969, Broxton students in grades one through three attended Mary Hayes Elementary.\n\nBroxton High School closed in 1990. The remaining elementary school was renamed Broxton-Mary Hayes Elementary School. Once the Broxton High School building was demolished, a new facility was built for Broxton-Mary Hayes Elementary on land adjacent to the site of the former Broxton High School.\n",[145,240,240],{"_74":256,"_141":257,"_143":258},[],"Mr. Ingram at Mary Hayes Elementary School","Mr. Charles Ingram remembers his time as Principle of Mary Hayes Elementary School in Broxton, Georgia","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/siltl0vgmt6j8c0zwwtzo6608edn?variant=desktop",{"_111":260,"_108":261,"_141":257,"_152":153,"_154":262,"_156":263,"_158":264,"_160":265,"_35":266,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":256,"_172":263},949,0,"//player.vimeo.com/video/582085204","582085204","Screen Shot 2022-05-14 at 9.53.38 PM.jpeg",{"_173":267,"_175":268,"_177":269,"_179":258,"_181":270},1061,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/siltl0vgmt6j8c0zwwtzo6608edn","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/siltl0vgmt6j8c0zwwtzo6608edn?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/siltl0vgmt6j8c0zwwtzo6608edn?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/siltl0vgmt6j8c0zwwtzo6608edn?variant=lqip","paulk-school","Paulk School",{"_35":239,"_65":240,"_74":241},18,{"_35":315,"_65":316,"_74":317},167,"3158 Youngie Fussell Sr Dr, Ambrose, GA 31512, USA","

William Paulk Jr. donated land for a church and school to be used by the Black community in Ambrose in the early 1910s. The school was completed between 1918 and 1920 with help from the Rosenwald Fund and the project was overseen by a team from the Tuskegee Institute. The school had two classrooms and cost $1950.00. The Rosenwald fund donated $500.00, the State of Georgia $250.00 and the Black community in Ambrose raised the remaining $1200.00. Paulk Elementary School was remodeled by the State School Building Authority in 1954. This new brick building expanded the school's footprint with additional classrooms, a lunchroom, and an auditorium. After graduating from Paulk Elementary, students were bused to George Washington Carver High School In 1966, Danny Martin was the first Black student to transfer from Paulk Elementary to Ambrose Elementary as a part of the voluntary desegregation plan known as Freedom of Choice. In 1968 one White fourth-grade teacher was sent to Paulk School. When the school system was integrated in 1969, Paulk Elementary became the Ambrose community’s school for first through third grades. Students in the fourth through sixth grades went to Ambrose School. This arrangement didn’t last long. Paulk School was closed in the early 1970s. School desks were left in place and even the portrait of Mr. William Paulk Jr., the school’s original benefactor, remained in the abandoned lunchroom. Relatives of Mr. Paulk rescued the portrait. Before the school was demolished, a portion of the building was moved to Westside Elementary School in Douglas and repurposed.

",31.51515967,-83.03573419,[290,291],"One of Coffee County’s Rosenwald Schools, the land for Paulk school was donated by William Paulk Jr. in the early 1910s. In two videos you will hear from students who attended Paulk School and from William Paulk Jr.’s great-great grandson.","William Paulk Jr. donated land for a church and school to be used by the Black community in Ambrose in the early 1910s. The school was completed between 1918 and 1920 with help from the Rosenwald Fund and the project was overseen by a team from the Tuskegee Institute. The school had two classrooms and cost $1950.00. The Rosenwald fund donated $500.00, the State of Georgia $250.00 and the Black community in Ambrose raised the remaining $1200.00. Paulk Elementary School was remodeled by the State School Building Authority in 1954. This new brick building expanded the school's footprint with additional classrooms, a lunchroom, and an auditorium. After graduating from Paulk Elementary, students were bused to George Washington Carver High School In 1966, Danny Martin was the first Black student to transfer from Paulk Elementary to Ambrose Elementary as a part of the voluntary desegregation plan known as Freedom of Choice. In 1968 one White fourth-grade teacher was sent to Paulk School. When the school system was integrated in 1969, Paulk Elementary became the Ambrose community’s school for first through third grades. Students in the fourth through sixth grades went to Ambrose School. This arrangement didn’t last long. Paulk School was closed in the early 1970s. School desks were left in place and even the portrait of Mr. William Paulk Jr., the school’s original benefactor, remained in the abandoned lunchroom. Relatives of Mr. Paulk rescued the portrait. Before the school was demolished, a portion of the building was moved to Westside Elementary School in Douglas and repurposed.\n",[145,271,271],{"_74":287,"_141":288,"_143":289},[],"","William Paulk Jr., the founder of Paulk School, built between 1918 and 1920, is remembered by his great-great-grandson.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/8k18u4k3date2w6e8agaoecg1t5r?variant=desktop",{"_111":305,"_108":24,"_141":288,"_152":153,"_154":306,"_156":307,"_158":308,"_160":309,"_35":310,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":287,"_172":307},{"_111":292,"_108":24,"_141":293,"_152":153,"_154":294,"_156":295,"_158":296,"_160":297,"_35":298,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":299,"_172":295},942,"A student remembers the teachers and traditions of a school demolished long ago.","//player.vimeo.com/video/597862681","597862681","Screen Shot 2021-09-05 at 9.20.27 AM.jpeg",{"_173":300,"_175":301,"_177":302,"_179":303,"_181":304},1054,"Paulk School's Last Days","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/tp8e3hfebhxyaqh73uuhsu3le6s7","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/tp8e3hfebhxyaqh73uuhsu3le6s7?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/tp8e3hfebhxyaqh73uuhsu3le6s7?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/tp8e3hfebhxyaqh73uuhsu3le6s7?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/tp8e3hfebhxyaqh73uuhsu3le6s7?variant=lqip",941,"//player.vimeo.com/video/581643221","581643221","PaulkSchoolThumbnail.png",{"_173":311,"_175":312,"_177":313,"_179":289,"_181":314},1053,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/8k18u4k3date2w6e8agaoecg1t5r","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/8k18u4k3date2w6e8agaoecg1t5r?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/8k18u4k3date2w6e8agaoecg1t5r?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/8k18u4k3date2w6e8agaoecg1t5r?variant=lqip",157,"jardine-stadium","Jardine Stadium",{"_35":112,"_65":271,"_74":272},17,{"_35":346,"_65":347,"_74":348},158,"105 Bonwell Royal Rd, Douglas, GA 31533","

The Coffee County Athletic Club was founded to establish, expand, and improv athletic facilities and programs for the youth of Coffee County. In 1959 the Coffee County Athletic Club approved a plan for a recreational park and athletic stadium presented by Dr. Dan A. Jardine. On August 2, 1960 Dr. Jardine met with the school board and asked for approval for the location of a new recreation center and football stadium. After receiving unanimous approval, he spearheaded the effort to build a football stadium to be used by Coffee County High School and George Washington Carver High School. Community members contributed through telethons and other fund-raising efforts. Mr. J. D. Murray Sr., Carver’s principal, led the fund-raising effort in the Black community. Jardine Stadium opened in the fall of 1961. The opening game pitched Coffee County High’s Comets against Fitzgerald High's Hurricanes. Coffee lost. The following night, a Saturday, the Carver Tigers played their first game in the stadium. The two schools continued to share the stadium in this manner, with the Comets playing on Friday nights and the Tigers playing on Saturday nights. All community members were welcome to attend the games. On Friday nights there was a segregated section available for Blacks. On Saturday nights there was a segregated section available for Whites. This arrangement continued until the two high schools were combined by federal court order in the fall of 1969.

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In September of 1963, the County Commission sold the Stadium to the Board of Education for one dollar with the provisions that it always be used for athletic events and that twenty-five cents of every ticket sold be turned over to the Coffee County Athletic Club until all outstanding loans were paid in full. Jardine Stadium continues to play an important part in the life of the community.

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Football Game & Graduation Ceremony 2019

","#84dd55",31.5470454,-82.8614538,[335],"Jardine Stadium was built by the Coffee County Athletic Club which was founded specifically for that purpose in 1959. The Black and White communities raised money for the football stadium to be used by George Washington Carver High School and Coffee County High School on alternate nights. Hear about the opening game played in the stadium in 1960. Learn how a shared stadium gave football fans in a segregated community the opportunity to attend each other’s games.","The Coffee County Athletic Club was founded to establish, expand, and improv athletic facilities and programs for the youth of Coffee County. In 1959 the Coffee County Athletic Club approved a plan for a recreational park and athletic stadium presented by Dr. Dan A. Jardine. On August 2, 1960 Dr. Jardine met with the school board and asked for approval for the location of a new recreation center and football stadium. After receiving unanimous approval, he spearheaded the effort to build a football stadium to be used by Coffee County High School and George Washington Carver High School. Community members contributed through telethons and other fund-raising efforts. Mr. J. D. Murray Sr., Carver’s principal, led the fund-raising effort in the Black community. Jardine Stadium opened in the fall of 1961. The opening game pitched Coffee County High’s Comets against Fitzgerald High's Hurricanes. Coffee lost. The following night, a Saturday, the Carver Tigers played their first game in the stadium. The two schools continued to share the stadium in this manner, with the Comets playing on Friday nights and the Tigers playing on Saturday nights. All community members were welcome to attend the games. On Friday nights there was a segregated section available for Blacks. On Saturday nights there was a segregated section available for Whites. This arrangement continued until the two high schools were combined by federal court order in the fall of 1969.\n\nIn September of 1963, the County Commission sold the Stadium to the Board of Education for one dollar with the provisions that it always be used for athletic events and that twenty-five cents of every ticket sold be turned over to the Coffee County Athletic Club until all outstanding loans were paid in full. Jardine Stadium continues to play an important part in the life of the community.\n\nFootball Game & Graduation Ceremony 2019",[145,316,316],{"_74":317,"_141":333,"_143":334},[],"Through the efforts of private citizens, a new stadium is built for Coffee County High School and George Washington Carver High School to share.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mcwcvlrq5xlsrwbhzsiazkhvcdy1?variant=desktop",{"_111":336,"_108":261,"_141":333,"_152":-5,"_154":337,"_156":338,"_158":339,"_160":340,"_35":341,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":317,"_172":338},980,"//player.vimeo.com/video/572205364","572205364","572205364.jpg",{"_173":342,"_175":343,"_177":344,"_179":334,"_181":345},1092,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mcwcvlrq5xlsrwbhzsiazkhvcdy1","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mcwcvlrq5xlsrwbhzsiazkhvcdy1?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mcwcvlrq5xlsrwbhzsiazkhvcdy1?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mcwcvlrq5xlsrwbhzsiazkhvcdy1?variant=lqip",161,"plantation-restaurant","Plantation Restaurant",{"_35":315,"_65":316,"_74":317},16,{"_35":377,"_65":378,"_74":379},162,"910 N Peterson Ave, Douglas, GA 31533","

Plantation Restaurant 1960 & 2021

After Sunday church services, the Plantation Restaurant was a county favorite for Sunday lunch. The menu featured fried chicken and other local favorites. The restaurant also had banquet rooms used for wedding rehearsal dinners, service club meetings, and celebrations. The Plantation Restaurant began operation in the late 1950s and serviced the White community until the early 1970s. The walls of the main dining room were covered in wallpaper showing plantation houses and magnolia trees. After the Civil Rights Act\n was passed a group of local Black youths asked for admittance. They were denied service and the Black kitchen staff walked out in protest. The owners, unwilling to comply with the new law, eventually closed the Plantation Restaurant. The building continued to be used as an eating establishment, housing other restaurants. Now remodeled, it is the home of B & D Used Cars.
\n

\n\n\n

","#d32f2f",31.5176085,-82.8503057,[366],"A community favorite serving traditional Southern fare, The Plantation Restaurant, remained true to its name. The restaurant’s owners were unwilling to comply with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and closed in the early 1970s. In this video, you hear the story of a quiet protest that eventually led to the restaurant’s closure.","\nPlantation Restaurant 1960 & 2021After Sunday church services, the Plantation Restaurant was a county favorite for Sunday lunch. The menu featured fried chicken and other local favorites. The restaurant also had banquet rooms used for wedding rehearsal dinners, service club meetings, and celebrations. The Plantation Restaurant began operation in the late 1950s and serviced the White community until the early 1970s. The walls of the main dining room were covered in wallpaper showing plantation houses and magnolia trees. After the Civil Rights Act\n was passed a group of local Black youths asked for admittance. They were denied service and the Black kitchen staff walked out in protest. The owners, unwilling to comply with the new law, eventually closed the Plantation Restaurant. The building continued to be used as an eating establishment, housing other restaurants. Now remodeled, it is the home of B & D Used Cars.\n\n\n\n",[145,347,347],{"_74":348,"_141":364,"_143":365},[],"Young men get dressed up and go to a local restaurant for lunch.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mo7nuu7h91wno1fkhy3vx0corjdf?variant=desktop",{"_111":367,"_108":24,"_141":364,"_152":153,"_154":368,"_156":369,"_158":370,"_160":371,"_35":372,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":348,"_172":369},1089,"//player.vimeo.com/video/557359858","557359858","Plantation Restaurant Sky Thumb.jpeg",{"_173":373,"_175":374,"_177":375,"_179":365,"_181":376},1226,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mo7nuu7h91wno1fkhy3vx0corjdf","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mo7nuu7h91wno1fkhy3vx0corjdf?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mo7nuu7h91wno1fkhy3vx0corjdf?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mo7nuu7h91wno1fkhy3vx0corjdf?variant=lqip",160,"coffee-regional-medical-center","Coffee Regional Medical Center",{"_35":346,"_65":347,"_74":348},15,{"_35":352,"_65":408,"_74":409},"1101 Ocilla Rd, Douglas, GA 31533","

Dr. John Barber’s home became the county's first hospital in 1862 when he opened his doors to his neighbors, the Tanners, and the Spiveys, during an outbreak of smallpox. This arrangement was, of course, temporary. At the beginning of the 20th century, prominent citizens raised $18,000.00 to establish Coffee County's first official hospital, the Douglas Surgical Institute, which opened under the direction of Dr. Charles Roberts and Dr. Will Sibbert in 1909. It closed seven years later. There was no hospital in the county for six years, then in 1922, a hospital was established by Dr. T. H. Clark and Dr. John H. Smith. They rented the second floor of the Dent Building, hired a nurse, and installed the latest medical equipment. In the early 20th century, all doctors traveled the county making home visits. If a patient needed urgent care, it was not unusual for that patient to arrive at the Doctor’s home at any hour of the day or night. Money was scarce and Doctors were often paid in produce, livestock, and wild game. These practices continued into the 1950s.

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Douglas Hospital opened in 1937 on East Ward Street. It was a 30-room hospital with a nursery and a staff of ten nurses. Services were available to the entire county, but due to the rigors of travel at that time, most rural Coffee Countians continued to rely on home visits and the local Doctor’s office for small procedures and childbirth.

\n\n

A new three-story hospital named Douglas Coffee County Hospital was built on the Ocilla Highway and opened in 1953. As segregation was not only a local custom but a legal requirement, this new hospital was built with a separate waiting room and ward for Black patients. Travel throughout the county was becoming easier and Doctors began to refer their patients to the hospital more regularly for tests and treatments. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 segregation was outlawed. The hospital applied for a federal grant to upgrade its facilities in 1964. To gain approval for the grant the hospital needed to submit proof that it no longer segregated patients. All signs designating segregated areas were taken down, but due to habit, the Black waiting room and ward were still in use. The local chapter of the NAACP objected and, at their request, a Federal Investigator was brought in to review the situation. Once the hospital was in full legal compliance and all segregation was eliminated, the federal government released the requested grant monies.

\n\n

In 1968 the hospital was renamed Coffee General Hospital. It continued to expand and grow and was eventually named Coffee Regional Medical Center. The new Coffee Regional Medical Center opened in 1998.

\n\n
",31.5096167,-82.8634495,[397],"Here you will find a short history of Coffee County’s medical services illustrated by photographs and newspaper articles and a video that offers an account of the desegregation of the county’s hospital after the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. ","Dr. John Barber’s home became the county's first hospital in 1862 when he opened his doors to his neighbors, the Tanners, and the Spiveys, during an outbreak of smallpox. This arrangement was, of course, temporary. At the beginning of the 20th century, prominent citizens raised $18,000.00 to establish Coffee County's first official hospital, the Douglas Surgical Institute, which opened under the direction of Dr. Charles Roberts and Dr. Will Sibbert in 1909. It closed seven years later. There was no hospital in the county for six years, then in 1922, a hospital was established by Dr. T. H. Clark and Dr. John H. Smith. They rented the second floor of the Dent Building, hired a nurse, and installed the latest medical equipment. In the early 20th century, all doctors traveled the county making home visits. If a patient needed urgent care, it was not unusual for that patient to arrive at the Doctor’s home at any hour of the day or night. Money was scarce and Doctors were often paid in produce, livestock, and wild game. These practices continued into the 1950s.\n\nDouglas Hospital opened in 1937 on East Ward Street. It was a 30-room hospital with a nursery and a staff of ten nurses. Services were available to the entire county, but due to the rigors of travel at that time, most rural Coffee Countians continued to rely on home visits and the local Doctor’s office for small procedures and childbirth.\n\nA new three-story hospital named Douglas Coffee County Hospital was built on the Ocilla Highway and opened in 1953. As segregation was not only a local custom but a legal requirement, this new hospital was built with a separate waiting room and ward for Black patients. Travel throughout the county was becoming easier and Doctors began to refer their patients to the hospital more regularly for tests and treatments. With the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 segregation was outlawed. The hospital applied for a federal grant to upgrade its facilities in 1964. To gain approval for the grant the hospital needed to submit proof that it no longer segregated patients. All signs designating segregated areas were taken down, but due to habit, the Black waiting room and ward were still in use. The local chapter of the NAACP objected and, at their request, a Federal Investigator was brought in to review the situation. Once the hospital was in full legal compliance and all segregation was eliminated, the federal government released the requested grant monies.\n\nIn 1968 the hospital was renamed Coffee General Hospital. It continued to expand and grow and was eventually named Coffee Regional Medical Center. The new Coffee Regional Medical Center opened in 1998.\n\n",[145,396,378,378],{"_74":393,"_141":394,"_143":395},[],"Coffee General Hospital","When Coffee General Hospital applies for Government funding in 1964, the newly passed Civil Rights Act mandates change.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/zlxav52uxow7htn3a3mtqqgfcc6o?variant=desktop","coffee-general-hospital",{"_111":398,"_108":261,"_141":394,"_152":153,"_154":399,"_156":400,"_158":401,"_160":402,"_35":403,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":170,"_74":393,"_172":400},1094,"//player.vimeo.com/video/559711149","559711149","Screen Shot 2022-05-14 at 6.26.50 PM.jpeg",{"_173":404,"_175":405,"_177":406,"_179":395,"_181":407},1231,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/zlxav52uxow7htn3a3mtqqgfcc6o","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/zlxav52uxow7htn3a3mtqqgfcc6o?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/zlxav52uxow7htn3a3mtqqgfcc6o?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/zlxav52uxow7htn3a3mtqqgfcc6o?variant=lqip","hilliard-s-pond","Hilliard's Pond",{"_35":377,"_65":378,"_74":379},14,{"_35":413,"_65":437,"_74":438},163,"240 Alan Dr, Douglas, GA 31535","

In the 1950s, in addition to farming, Mr. E. E. Hilliard charged fishermen a small fee to fish in two of his cow ponds. He built a small cinderblock store and sold sodas and other non-perishable goods to the fishermen. One decade later, water skiers discovered Hilliard's Pond. At the time, Hilliard’s cows used the ponds to cool off on hot summer days. Soon it became evident that the cows and the fishermen were unhappy sharing the water with skiers and noisy motorboats. It was agreed that those skiing would use the north pond, and the fishermen and cows the south pond. Soon skiers outnumbered fishermen. The fishermen and cows were relocated. Mr. Hilliard built a bowling alley, a skating rink, and eventually a go-kart track. Although the dirt road leading to this recreation area had a spillway one had to drive through, this did not deter visitors. When the county offered to pave the road, Mr. Hilliard refused the offer because if the county paved the road, he would have to abide by state and federal laws pertaining to access to his property and recreational facilities. He preferred to maintain personal control.

\n\n

In the 1970s Mr. Hilliard sold his property to Alan Paulk and Elijah Waldron who created an amusement park called Holiday Beach. On opening weekend, the new park hosted 12,000 visitors. Local water skiers, who had become state champions by honing their skills on Hilliard’s Pond for over a decade, now put on shows and offered water skiing lessons. An Opry House was built, and County Music headliners added Holiday Beach to their tour schedules.

\n\n

Holiday Beach closed in 1983. Baymeadows Estates, a residential subdivision, opened in 1985.

\n\n

",31.4688217,-82.9248816,[426],"A farmer gives local fishermen access to his cow ponds for a small fee and over the next two decades his property becomes a major recreation park for the surrounding counties. Black members of the community did not have access to this local resort until the 1970s. Listen as members of the community Black and White, detail an incident that took place in the 1960s. ","In the 1950s, in addition to farming, Mr. E. E. Hilliard charged fishermen a small fee to fish in two of his cow ponds. He built a small cinderblock store and sold sodas and other non-perishable goods to the fishermen. One decade later, water skiers discovered Hilliard's Pond. At the time, Hilliard’s cows used the ponds to cool off on hot summer days. Soon it became evident that the cows and the fishermen were unhappy sharing the water with skiers and noisy motorboats. It was agreed that those skiing would use the north pond, and the fishermen and cows the south pond. Soon skiers outnumbered fishermen. The fishermen and cows were relocated. Mr. Hilliard built a bowling alley, a skating rink, and eventually a go-kart track. Although the dirt road leading to this recreation area had a spillway one had to drive through, this did not deter visitors. When the county offered to pave the road, Mr. Hilliard refused the offer because if the county paved the road, he would have to abide by state and federal laws pertaining to access to his property and recreational facilities. He preferred to maintain personal control.\n\nIn the 1970s Mr. Hilliard sold his property to Alan Paulk and Elijah Waldron who created an amusement park called Holiday Beach. On opening weekend, the new park hosted 12,000 visitors. Local water skiers, who had become state champions by honing their skills on Hilliard’s Pond for over a decade, now put on shows and offered water skiing lessons. An Opry House was built, and County Music headliners added Holiday Beach to their tour schedules.\n\nHoliday Beach closed in 1983. Baymeadows Estates, a residential subdivision, opened in 1985.\n\n",[145,408,408],{"_74":409,"_141":424,"_143":425},[],"An incident at a local recreation center becomes a motivating factor for a group of determined young girls.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/1596p0f5kir7lqx9ujrk8mgud69s?variant=desktop",{"_111":427,"_108":261,"_141":424,"_152":-5,"_154":428,"_156":429,"_158":430,"_160":431,"_35":432,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":409,"_172":429},979,"//player.vimeo.com/video/579659163","579659163","579659163.jpg",{"_173":433,"_175":434,"_177":435,"_179":425,"_181":436},1091,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/1596p0f5kir7lqx9ujrk8mgud69s","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/1596p0f5kir7lqx9ujrk8mgud69s?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/1596p0f5kir7lqx9ujrk8mgud69s?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/1596p0f5kir7lqx9ujrk8mgud69s?variant=lqip","citizens-christian-academy","Citizens Christian Academy",{"_35":352,"_65":408,"_74":409},{"_35":479,"_65":480,"_74":481},"1548 GA-158, Douglas, GA 31535","

\n In March of 1969, a group of citizens opposed to integration petitioned the school board to \"stay any action\" on desegregation. This group of anti-integrationists consolidated their efforts by creating the Citizens League for Better Government. On September 22, 1969, the Citizens League for Better Government announced a boycott of Coffee County’s public schools in response to Judge Alexander Lawrence’s ruling that all schools in the county desegregate immediately. The boycott was initially 51% effective when the fully integrated public schools reopened on September 24th, 1969. Attendance numbers temporarily rose by 12% and then fell again, due to the fact that some students returned only to check out books to use at teaching centers the Citizens League had set up at various community churches including; Oak Park, Carver, Rocky Pond, and the Holiness Campground.\n

\n\n

Desegregation protests forced the School Board to close the public schools “to protect human life and our property” on October 1, 1969.

\n\n

The Citizens League invited Governor Lester Maddox to speak to their members regarding their ongoing resistance to school integration. Governor Maddox accepted this invitation and spoke at the Bryan Street Gym on October 7, 1969, to a cheering crowd. He told them they were being “denied their rights” and encouraged his audience to continue to withhold their children from public school. He also said, “To do less than you are doing, would be to betray your children.”

\n\n

On October 13, 1969, prior to a meeting of the Citizen’s League for Better Government, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for Citizens Christian Academy. The Citizens League tasked two members, Jim Allen, and Dr. Donald Gillis, to obtain a charter for the new private school which would consist of ten to twelve classrooms, a library, and a cafeteria.

\n\n

Governor Lester Maddox spoke at the dedication and opening of Citizens Christian Academy on January 31, 1970. In closing his remarks, he pledged to donate $200.00 for school equipment and challenged others to do the same.

\n\n

Citizens Christian Academy is currently a not-for-profit organization receiving Accreditation with Quality through the Georgia Accrediting Commission and is a member of the Georgia Independent School Association.

",31.4969875,-82.8754225,[454,455],"Founded in 1969 in response to school integration, Citizen’s Christian Academy is an example of what was then known as a “segregation academy.” The school opened its new facility three and a half months after the school’s founding. Two videos are available addressing the discussions leading to the founding of the school and the school’s first years.","\n In March of 1969, a group of citizens opposed to integration petitioned the school board to \"stay any action\" on desegregation. This group of anti-integrationists consolidated their efforts by creating the Citizens League for Better Government. On September 22, 1969, the Citizens League for Better Government announced a boycott of Coffee County’s public schools in response to Judge Alexander Lawrence’s ruling that all schools in the county desegregate immediately. The boycott was initially 51% effective when the fully integrated public schools reopened on September 24th, 1969. Attendance numbers temporarily rose by 12% and then fell again, due to the fact that some students returned only to check out books to use at teaching centers the Citizens League had set up at various community churches including; Oak Park, Carver, Rocky Pond, and the Holiness Campground.\n\n\nDesegregation protests forced the School Board to close the public schools “to protect human life and our property” on October 1, 1969.\n\nThe Citizens League invited Governor Lester Maddox to speak to their members regarding their ongoing resistance to school integration. Governor Maddox accepted this invitation and spoke at the Bryan Street Gym on October 7, 1969, to a cheering crowd. He told them they were being “denied their rights” and encouraged his audience to continue to withhold their children from public school. He also said, “To do less than you are doing, would be to betray your children.”\n\nOn October 13, 1969, prior to a meeting of the Citizen’s League for Better Government, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for Citizens Christian Academy. The Citizens League tasked two members, Jim Allen, and Dr. Donald Gillis, to obtain a charter for the new private school which would consist of ten to twelve classrooms, a library, and a cafeteria.\n\nGovernor Lester Maddox spoke at the dedication and opening of Citizens Christian Academy on January 31, 1970. In closing his remarks, he pledged to donate $200.00 for school equipment and challenged others to do the same.\n\nCitizens Christian Academy is currently a not-for-profit organization receiving Accreditation with Quality through the Georgia Accrediting Commission and is a member of the Georgia Independent School Association.\n",[145,437,437],{"_74":451,"_141":452,"_143":453},[],"We Chose Citizens Christian Academy","A mother of six explains why she sent her children to Citizens Christian Academy.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/g2dbktwysjvmqf72z6y1r98udh7l?variant=desktop",{"_111":469,"_108":24,"_141":452,"_152":153,"_154":470,"_156":471,"_158":472,"_160":473,"_35":474,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":451,"_172":471},{"_111":456,"_108":84,"_141":457,"_152":153,"_154":458,"_156":459,"_158":460,"_160":461,"_35":462,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":170,"_74":463,"_172":459},1093,"Two women remember attending a meeting behind the Courthouse in support of starting a private school.","//player.vimeo.com/video/581535960","581535960","581535960.jpg",{"_173":464,"_175":465,"_177":466,"_179":467,"_181":468},1230,"Courthouse Meeting in support of Citizens Christian Academy","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/jtnugxl09kdvjjr1naxp7y4giuen","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/jtnugxl09kdvjjr1naxp7y4giuen?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/jtnugxl09kdvjjr1naxp7y4giuen?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/jtnugxl09kdvjjr1naxp7y4giuen?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/jtnugxl09kdvjjr1naxp7y4giuen?variant=lqip",944,"//player.vimeo.com/video/664001115","664001115","Screen Shot 2022-05-14 at 6.00.16 PM.jpeg",{"_173":475,"_175":476,"_177":477,"_179":453,"_181":478},1056,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/g2dbktwysjvmqf72z6y1r98udh7l","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/g2dbktwysjvmqf72z6y1r98udh7l?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/g2dbktwysjvmqf72z6y1r98udh7l?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/g2dbktwysjvmqf72z6y1r98udh7l?variant=lqip",159,"south-georgia-state-college","South Georgia State College",{"_35":413,"_65":437,"_74":438},12,{"_35":523,"_65":524,"_74":525},"100 W College Park Dr, Douglas, GA 31533","

The Eleventh District Agricultural & Mechanical School opened in 1908. There were three buildings on the campus: Powell Hall was the boy’s dorm; Davis Hall was the girl’s dorm, and all classrooms and offices were in Peterson Hall. Douglas had outbid other towns in the eleventh district by offering fifty-two thousand dollars, 300 acres of land, and free water and electricity for the first ten years. Agricultural & Mechanical schools allowed students the opportunity to continue their high school education while learning agricultural and mechanical skills. The school was a working farm where boys focused on agriculture while girls focused on home economics.

By the 1920s public school systems were better equipped to offer high school classes and community needs shifted. In 1927 the State Assembly created South Georgia Junior State College, and all the property, equipment, and buildings of the Eleventh District Agricultural & Mechanical School were transferred to this new institution, making it the first of seven Georgia A&M schools to be converted to two-year colleges. While offering college-level classes, the school continued to teach some high school-level courses to augment the public school system’s offerings. This additional education opportunity was not extended to the county's Black public school students. In 1929 the name of the school was changed to South Georgia State College and it offered freshman and sophomore college-level classes which could lead to a bachelor’s degree. The school’s name changed again in 1936 to South Georgia College.

\n\n

In the early 1960s South Georgia College hosted a number of exchange students from countries as disparate as Guatemala and Iran, but, although members of the local Black community worked for the institution, none were given access to enrollment. In 1965 Mr. Oscar Street, a Coffee County native, was the first Black student to attend South Georgia College. He received an associate degree and went on to graduate from Fort Valley State College in 1969. In the late 1960s, South Georgia College began actively recruiting Black athletes. Some locals, unhappy with this development, made it a point to protest the racially mixed teams both at games and on late-night drives through the college campus. In October 1968, South Georgia College offered a course in desegregation, to “local residents, teachers, parents, and anyone interested.” South Georgia College consolidated with Waycross College in 2013. The resulting school reclaimed the name, South Georgia State College. It currently offers seven bachelor’s degrees.

",31.4976533,-82.854555,[499,500],"Originally founded as the Eleventh District Agricultural & Mechanical School, by the 1960s South Georgia College was a junior college offering an associate’s degree. It began the process of desegregation before the Coffee County School System. We hear Mr. Oscar Street explain how he became the first Black student to attend the school in 1965. There is a second video about the integration of South Georgia College’s basketball team.","The Eleventh District Agricultural & Mechanical School opened in 1908. There were three buildings on the campus: Powell Hall was the boy’s dorm; Davis Hall was the girl’s dorm, and all classrooms and offices were in Peterson Hall. Douglas had outbid other towns in the eleventh district by offering fifty-two thousand dollars, 300 acres of land, and free water and electricity for the first ten years. Agricultural & Mechanical schools allowed students the opportunity to continue their high school education while learning agricultural and mechanical skills. The school was a working farm where boys focused on agriculture while girls focused on home economics. By the 1920s public school systems were better equipped to offer high school classes and community needs shifted. In 1927 the State Assembly created South Georgia Junior State College, and all the property, equipment, and buildings of the Eleventh District Agricultural & Mechanical School were transferred to this new institution, making it the first of seven Georgia A&M schools to be converted to two-year colleges. While offering college-level classes, the school continued to teach some high school-level courses to augment the public school system’s offerings. This additional education opportunity was not extended to the county's Black public school students. In 1929 the name of the school was changed to South Georgia State College and it offered freshman and sophomore college-level classes which could lead to a bachelor’s degree. The school’s name changed again in 1936 to South Georgia College.\n\nIn the early 1960s South Georgia College hosted a number of exchange students from countries as disparate as Guatemala and Iran, but, although members of the local Black community worked for the institution, none were given access to enrollment. In 1965 Mr. Oscar Street, a Coffee County native, was the first Black student to attend South Georgia College. He received an associate degree and went on to graduate from Fort Valley State College in 1969. In the late 1960s, South Georgia College began actively recruiting Black athletes. Some locals, unhappy with this development, made it a point to protest the racially mixed teams both at games and on late-night drives through the college campus. In October 1968, South Georgia College offered a course in desegregation, to “local residents, teachers, parents, and anyone interested.” South Georgia College consolidated with Waycross College in 2013. The resulting school reclaimed the name, South Georgia State College. It currently offers seven bachelor’s degrees.\n",[145,498,480,480],{"_74":495,"_141":496,"_143":497},[],"Mr. Oscar Street at South Georgia College","In 1965 Mr. Oscar Street applied South Georgia College. He was the first Black student to attend and then graduate from South Georgia College.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/nhp3v3z1crkvunbryopedzemt0cf?variant=desktop","south-georgia-college",{"_111":513,"_108":24,"_141":496,"_152":-5,"_154":514,"_156":515,"_158":516,"_160":517,"_35":518,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":495,"_172":515},{"_111":501,"_108":84,"_141":502,"_152":153,"_154":503,"_156":504,"_158":505,"_160":506,"_35":507,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":287,"_172":504},954,"South Georgia College's move to integrate its athletic program sparks protests from the local community.","//player.vimeo.com/video/577284447","577284447","SGC Basketball Thumb.png",{"_173":508,"_175":509,"_177":510,"_179":511,"_181":512},1066,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/wa3x57v3xc5pgp4axdmvdwga9552","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/wa3x57v3xc5pgp4axdmvdwga9552?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/wa3x57v3xc5pgp4axdmvdwga9552?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/wa3x57v3xc5pgp4axdmvdwga9552?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/wa3x57v3xc5pgp4axdmvdwga9552?variant=lqip",1095,"//player.vimeo.com/video/576221491","576221491","576221491.jpg",{"_173":519,"_175":520,"_177":521,"_179":497,"_181":522},1232,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/nhp3v3z1crkvunbryopedzemt0cf","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/nhp3v3z1crkvunbryopedzemt0cf?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/nhp3v3z1crkvunbryopedzemt0cf?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/nhp3v3z1crkvunbryopedzemt0cf?variant=lqip",151,"dairy-queen","Dairy Queen",{"_35":479,"_65":480,"_74":481},11,{"_35":568,"_65":569,"_74":570},152,"918 S Peterson Ave, Douglas, GA 31533","

\n\n

Dairy Queen 1965 & 2021

The Douglas Dairy Queen opened in 1949. It was the second Dairy Queen built in the state of Georgia. It changed ownership three times before Mr. J. C. Adams bought it in 1964. For the first 26 years of operation, it offered curbside service only. In 1975 a new restaurant that included an interior dining room was built directly behind the original building. A beloved institution for over seventy years, the story of social change in the community and society at large can be seen clearly through the story of the changes in this restaurant’s relationship with its clientele.

\n\n

",31.4976588,-82.8502846,[542,543],"A local favorite of all, The Dairy Queen in Douglas, Georgia offered different experiences to the White and Black communities until the late 1970s. Two videos explore these differences.","\n\nDairy Queen 1965 & 2021The Douglas Dairy Queen opened in 1949. It was the second Dairy Queen built in the state of Georgia. It changed ownership three times before Mr. J. C. Adams bought it in 1964. For the first 26 years of operation, it offered curbside service only. In 1975 a new restaurant that included an interior dining room was built directly behind the original building. A beloved institution for over seventy years, the story of social change in the community and society at large can be seen clearly through the story of the changes in this restaurant’s relationship with its clientele.\n\n",[145,524,524],{"_74":287,"_141":540,"_143":541},[],"The Dairy Queen is a center of social activity for some and offers social challenges to others.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/2n7i2ccv9fsan42y4uywwpyo70v7?variant=desktop",{"_111":557,"_108":24,"_141":540,"_152":558,"_154":559,"_156":560,"_158":561,"_160":562,"_35":563,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":170,"_74":287,"_172":560},{"_111":544,"_108":24,"_141":545,"_152":-5,"_154":546,"_156":547,"_158":548,"_160":549,"_35":550,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":551,"_172":547},1097,"Coffee County's NAACP and the owner of the Dairy Queen do their best to come to an understanding.","//player.vimeo.com/video/583087937","583087937","583087937.jpg",{"_173":552,"_175":553,"_177":554,"_179":555,"_181":556},1234,"The Dairy Queen & The NAACP","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/n1rx150y833yymgz0l9f2lsm5rgd","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/n1rx150y833yymgz0l9f2lsm5rgd?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/n1rx150y833yymgz0l9f2lsm5rgd?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/n1rx150y833yymgz0l9f2lsm5rgd?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/n1rx150y833yymgz0l9f2lsm5rgd?variant=lqip",1096,640,"//player.vimeo.com/video/576448512","576448512","576448512.jpg",{"_173":564,"_175":565,"_177":566,"_179":541,"_181":567},1233,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/2n7i2ccv9fsan42y4uywwpyo70v7","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/2n7i2ccv9fsan42y4uywwpyo70v7?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/2n7i2ccv9fsan42y4uywwpyo70v7?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/2n7i2ccv9fsan42y4uywwpyo70v7?variant=lqip",155,"coffee-county-high-school-and-coffee-high-school","Coffee County High School and Coffee High School",{"_35":523,"_65":524,"_74":525},10,{"_35":321,"_65":708,"_74":709},156,"1289 S Peterson Ave Douglas, Georgia","

In 1951 the State School Building Authority was created by the Georgia General Assembly to build new schools across the state of Georgia. This was an effort by segregationists and Georgia Governor Herman Talmadge to make the state’s schools truly “separate but equal” so that upcoming challenges to school segregation could be met with examples of dual school systems with equivalent facilities. Douglas High School had not been part of the county school system, but as the state proposed to build new schools throughout the county, the Douglas public school system had no choice but to merge with the county school system. The county’s schools were reorganized and White students from sections of the county without a high school, were to be bused into Douglas to attend the new Coffee County High School. Some Douglas natives, unhappy with this prospect, feared that their children would be influenced by children with “country accents and ways.” Douglas High School closed in 1955. Coffee County High School opened in September of that year.

\n\n

The county school system underwent reorganization again in 1969 when Judge Alexander Lawrence ordered the School Board to desegregate county schools immediately. The desegregation plan for Douglas stated that all students in grades ten through twelve would go to the Coffee County High School facility. Students in grades seven through nine would attend class on the former George Washington Carver campus. When these desegregation plans for Douglas and the county were announced, the Citizens League for Better Government called for a county-wide boycott and held protest rallies. The newly integrated school opened with 46% of the students boycotting. School administrators received bomb threats. On October 1, 1969, the school board closed all of the county's schools to “protect human life and property.” That night, violence escalated. The FBI sent agents to the county to begin an investigation. Coffee County High School Principal, Carlos Bassett, resigned on October 6th. Schools reopened on October 9th with increased security which included the presence of the Georgia State Patrol. That evening, School Superintendent Van Davis submitted a letter of resignation to the school board effective January 1, 1970. Joe Ray was reappointed School Board Chairman by a Grand Jury on October 17, 1969, but resigned on October 20th. At a meeting of the school board on October 23, 1969, it was agreed that Olvin Smith would lead the meetings as vice-chairman for the remainder of the year.

\n\n

Students gradually began to return to school, which was now called Coffee High School, although the name was never officially changed by the State of Georgia Department of Education. During the first part of the school year, there was no team mascot. The cheerleaders simply said – “Go, Team!” There was no Homecoming celebration and no Senior Prom. In the Spring of that school year, the student body voted for a new mascot and new school colors. As students adjusted, there was some unrest which was exacerbated by outside agitators who would drive by the campus’s open windows and yell invectives. On one occasion, men entered classrooms and harassed students. Despite the hardships of that first year, student leaders worked together to ensure that graduating seniors could feel proud of their alma mater.

\n\n

In the school year 1990-1991 Broxton High School, Nicholls High School, and Coffee High School consolidated. The consolidated school retained the name Coffee High School. The school’s new facility and campus opened in the fall of 1994.

\n\n

The Coffee County High School building was demolished in 2019.

\n\n

Coffee County High School 1965 & Demolition 2019

",31.4908262,-82.8511287,[595,596,597,598,599,600,601,602],"Here you will find six videos narrated by former students, teachers, and parents of Coffee County High School and Coffee High School attendees. Learn how a new school is created once two high schools, one Black and one White, are consolidated.","In 1951 the State School Building Authority was created by the Georgia General Assembly to build new schools across the state of Georgia. This was an effort by segregationists and Georgia Governor Herman Talmadge to make the state’s schools truly “separate but equal” so that upcoming challenges to school segregation could be met with examples of dual school systems with equivalent facilities. Douglas High School had not been part of the county school system, but as the state proposed to build new schools throughout the county, the Douglas public school system had no choice but to merge with the county school system. The county’s schools were reorganized and White students from sections of the county without a high school, were to be bused into Douglas to attend the new Coffee County High School. Some Douglas natives, unhappy with this prospect, feared that their children would be influenced by children with “country accents and ways.” Douglas High School closed in 1955. Coffee County High School opened in September of that year.\n\nThe county school system underwent reorganization again in 1969 when Judge Alexander Lawrence ordered the School Board to desegregate county schools immediately. The desegregation plan for Douglas stated that all students in grades ten through twelve would go to the Coffee County High School facility. Students in grades seven through nine would attend class on the former George Washington Carver campus. When these desegregation plans for Douglas and the county were announced, the Citizens League for Better Government called for a county-wide boycott and held protest rallies. The newly integrated school opened with 46% of the students boycotting. School administrators received bomb threats. On October 1, 1969, the school board closed all of the county's schools to “protect human life and property.” That night, violence escalated. The FBI sent agents to the county to begin an investigation. Coffee County High School Principal, Carlos Bassett, resigned on October 6th. Schools reopened on October 9th with increased security which included the presence of the Georgia State Patrol. That evening, School Superintendent Van Davis submitted a letter of resignation to the school board effective January 1, 1970. Joe Ray was reappointed School Board Chairman by a Grand Jury on October 17, 1969, but resigned on October 20th. At a meeting of the school board on October 23, 1969, it was agreed that Olvin Smith would lead the meetings as vice-chairman for the remainder of the year.\n\nStudents gradually began to return to school, which was now called Coffee High School, although the name was never officially changed by the State of Georgia Department of Education. During the first part of the school year, there was no team mascot. The cheerleaders simply said – “Go, Team!” There was no Homecoming celebration and no Senior Prom. In the Spring of that school year, the student body voted for a new mascot and new school colors. As students adjusted, there was some unrest which was exacerbated by outside agitators who would drive by the campus’s open windows and yell invectives. On one occasion, men entered classrooms and harassed students. Despite the hardships of that first year, student leaders worked together to ensure that graduating seniors could feel proud of their alma mater.\n\nIn the school year 1990-1991 Broxton High School, Nicholls High School, and Coffee High School consolidated. The consolidated school retained the name Coffee High School. The school’s new facility and campus opened in the fall of 1994.\n\nThe Coffee County High School building was demolished in 2019.\n\nCoffee County High School 1965 & Demolition 2019",[145,588,588,589,590,591,592,593,594,569],{"_74":585,"_141":586,"_143":587},[],"Freedom of Choice 1966","In school year 1965-1966, a program called \"Freedom of Choice\" is established under which voluntary desegregation begins, and five Black students transfer to Coffee County High School.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/e01f2m6hn3uxo8x0ovse3kuylix0?variant=desktop","coffee-county-high-school","coffee-county-high-school-and","coffee-county-high-school-and-cof","coffee-county-high-school-and-coffee","coffee-county-high-school-and-coffee-hi","coffee-county-high-school-and-coffee-high","coffee-county-high-school-and-coffee-high-sch",{"_111":698,"_108":24,"_141":586,"_152":-5,"_154":699,"_156":700,"_158":701,"_160":702,"_35":703,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":585,"_172":700},{"_111":685,"_108":84,"_141":686,"_152":-5,"_154":687,"_156":688,"_158":689,"_160":690,"_35":691,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":692,"_172":688},{"_111":672,"_108":217,"_141":673,"_152":-5,"_154":674,"_156":675,"_158":676,"_160":677,"_35":678,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":679,"_172":675},{"_111":658,"_108":659,"_141":660,"_152":-5,"_154":661,"_156":662,"_158":663,"_160":664,"_35":665,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":666,"_172":662},{"_111":645,"_108":164,"_141":646,"_152":-5,"_154":647,"_156":648,"_158":649,"_160":650,"_35":651,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":652,"_172":648},{"_111":631,"_108":632,"_141":633,"_152":-5,"_154":634,"_156":635,"_158":636,"_160":637,"_35":638,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":639,"_172":635},{"_111":617,"_108":618,"_141":619,"_152":153,"_154":620,"_156":621,"_158":622,"_160":623,"_35":624,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":625,"_172":621},{"_111":603,"_108":604,"_141":605,"_152":153,"_154":606,"_156":607,"_158":608,"_160":609,"_35":610,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":170,"_74":611,"_172":607},1317,8,"Student unrest leads to positive change.","//player.vimeo.com/video/941011746","941011746","941011746.jpg",{"_173":612,"_175":613,"_177":614,"_179":615,"_181":616},1491,"On the Roof","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/e05203f5hqx6kru1urwbp1dg3pg4","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/e05203f5hqx6kru1urwbp1dg3pg4?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/e05203f5hqx6kru1urwbp1dg3pg4?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/e05203f5hqx6kru1urwbp1dg3pg4?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/e05203f5hqx6kru1urwbp1dg3pg4?variant=lqip",1088,7,"A cheerleader remembers rooting for a team with no mascot.","//player.vimeo.com/video/579114453","579114453","579114453.jpg",{"_173":626,"_175":627,"_177":628,"_179":629,"_181":630},1225,"Go Team!","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ej1x5ggn0uvbldzicluh1wwg5290","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ej1x5ggn0uvbldzicluh1wwg5290?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ej1x5ggn0uvbldzicluh1wwg5290?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ej1x5ggn0uvbldzicluh1wwg5290?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ej1x5ggn0uvbldzicluh1wwg5290?variant=lqip",1316,6,"Students transferred to Coffee High are shocked to learn that smoking - an activity that was banned at Carver High - is allowed with a note from their patents!","//player.vimeo.com/video/941008868","941008868","941008868.jpg",{"_173":640,"_175":641,"_177":642,"_179":643,"_181":644},1490,"A Smoking Section for Students at Coffee High?","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/7udv40mr5o3i97e3fweqvm25w22t","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/7udv40mr5o3i97e3fweqvm25w22t?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/7udv40mr5o3i97e3fweqvm25w22t?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/7udv40mr5o3i97e3fweqvm25w22t?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/7udv40mr5o3i97e3fweqvm25w22t?variant=lqip",968,"As the Civil Rights Act of 1964 facilitated the beginning of school desegregation, community members pushed back by raising symbols of the Civil War to prominence, including the song, Dixie.","//player.vimeo.com/video/578272801","578272801","578272801.jpg",{"_173":653,"_175":654,"_177":655,"_179":656,"_181":657},1080,"Playing Dixie","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/6wf9m4nf4fx5s1bbppctsprkn7b2","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/6wf9m4nf4fx5s1bbppctsprkn7b2?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/6wf9m4nf4fx5s1bbppctsprkn7b2?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/6wf9m4nf4fx5s1bbppctsprkn7b2?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/6wf9m4nf4fx5s1bbppctsprkn7b2?variant=lqip",972,4,"Black Coffee High basketball players recall the experience of playing on Coffee High's first integrated basketball team.","//player.vimeo.com/video/691506637","691506637","691506637.jpg",{"_173":667,"_175":668,"_177":669,"_179":670,"_181":671},1084,"CHS Basketball 1969-1970","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ze60s9pjfuspkceur7y2a84t29lg","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ze60s9pjfuspkceur7y2a84t29lg?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ze60s9pjfuspkceur7y2a84t29lg?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ze60s9pjfuspkceur7y2a84t29lg?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ze60s9pjfuspkceur7y2a84t29lg?variant=lqip",971,"The Citizens League for Better Government called for a boycott of all county public schools when Federal Judge Alexander Lawrence ordered the schools to desegregate immediately.","//player.vimeo.com/video/579113450","579113450","579113450.jpg",{"_173":680,"_175":681,"_177":682,"_179":683,"_181":684},1083,"The Boycott","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/qzzgtwlevj7ilyg9yix248jdddas","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/qzzgtwlevj7ilyg9yix248jdddas?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/qzzgtwlevj7ilyg9yix248jdddas?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/qzzgtwlevj7ilyg9yix248jdddas?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/qzzgtwlevj7ilyg9yix248jdddas?variant=lqip",965,"Bomb threats immediately followed the implementation of the Judge Alexander's desegregation court order.","//player.vimeo.com/video/687650129","687650129","687650129.jpg",{"_173":693,"_175":694,"_177":695,"_179":696,"_181":697},1077,"Coffee High School Bomb Threats 1969-1970","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/hp4iluk0z94k2q7lmhndzpdbzj5n","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/hp4iluk0z94k2q7lmhndzpdbzj5n?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/hp4iluk0z94k2q7lmhndzpdbzj5n?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/hp4iluk0z94k2q7lmhndzpdbzj5n?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/hp4iluk0z94k2q7lmhndzpdbzj5n?variant=lqip",964,"//player.vimeo.com/video/393070951","393070951","393070951.jpg",{"_173":704,"_175":705,"_177":706,"_179":587,"_181":707},1076,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/e01f2m6hn3uxo8x0ovse3kuylix0","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/e01f2m6hn3uxo8x0ovse3kuylix0?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/e01f2m6hn3uxo8x0ovse3kuylix0?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/e01f2m6hn3uxo8x0ovse3kuylix0?variant=lqip","i-like-it-restaurant","I Like It Restaurant",{"_35":568,"_65":569,"_74":570},9,{"_35":529,"_65":737,"_74":738},"1645 S Peterson Ave, Douglas, GA 31535","

\n\n

Advertisement & Photo of August 5, 1969 Meeting

In 1969 Governor Lester Maddox visited Coffee County several times at the invitation of the Citizens League for Better Government, a group opposed to school integration. On August 5, 1969, Governor Maddox flew into the Douglas airport and joined Mr. Hugh Brady, President of the Citizens League, as well as several of that organization’s founding members for a dinner at the I Like It restaurant. After dining, Governor Maddox made the first of a number of speeches on the subject of school integration to the citizens of the county from a courtroom in the Coffee County Courthouse. His speech was broadcast by local radio stations and WALB-TV was present and filmed the meeting.

\n\n

Governor Maddox became well known in 1964 when he refused to seat Black patrons in the Atlanta restaurant that he owned and operated, The Pickrick. He confronted these potential customers with a bare pickaxe handle. He used his fame as a segregationist to launch his run for Governor in 1966.

\n\n

The site of I Like It is now home to Archie Merritt Tire Shop. You can see a small portion of what remains of the original building at the southern end of the tire shop.

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I Like It Restaurant 1965 & Archie Merritt Tire Shop 2021

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OTHER GOV. LESTER MADDOX VISIT LOCATIONS: Nicholls, Bryan Street Gym, Coffee County Courthouse, Coffee County High School and Citizens Christian Academy.

",31.4829863,-82.8518203,[726],"Governor Lester Maddox dined at the I Like It restaurant in 1969 as a guest of the Citizens League of Better Government. A video tells this story through an eyewitness account, documents from the Governor’s archives, and newspaper articles.","\n\nAdvertisement & Photo of August 5, 1969 MeetingIn 1969 Governor Lester Maddox visited Coffee County several times at the invitation of the Citizens League for Better Government, a group opposed to school integration. On August 5, 1969, Governor Maddox flew into the Douglas airport and joined Mr. Hugh Brady, President of the Citizens League, as well as several of that organization’s founding members for a dinner at the I Like It restaurant. After dining, Governor Maddox made the first of a number of speeches on the subject of school integration to the citizens of the county from a courtroom in the Coffee County Courthouse. His speech was broadcast by local radio stations and WALB-TV was present and filmed the meeting.\n\nGovernor Maddox became well known in 1964 when he refused to seat Black patrons in the Atlanta restaurant that he owned and operated, The Pickrick. He confronted these potential customers with a bare pickaxe handle. He used his fame as a segregationist to launch his run for Governor in 1966.\n\nThe site of I Like It is now home to Archie Merritt Tire Shop. You can see a small portion of what remains of the original building at the southern end of the tire shop.\n\nI Like It Restaurant 1965 & Archie Merritt Tire Shop 2021\n\nOTHER GOV. LESTER MADDOX VISIT LOCATIONS: Nicholls, Bryan Street Gym, Coffee County Courthouse, Coffee County High School and Citizens Christian Academy.\n",[145,708,708],{"_74":723,"_141":724,"_143":725},[],"Gov. Maddox at the I Like It","While waiting for a Teen Club meeting, a high school student witnesses history.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/psjkv3ce43g4pfhqit3289p8cdr3?variant=desktop",{"_111":727,"_108":24,"_141":724,"_152":153,"_154":728,"_156":729,"_158":730,"_160":731,"_35":732,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":723,"_172":729},1085,"//player.vimeo.com/video/553703126","553703126","Screen Shot 2022-04-27 at 7.22.25 PM 2.jpeg",{"_173":733,"_175":734,"_177":735,"_179":725,"_181":736},1222,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/psjkv3ce43g4pfhqit3289p8cdr3","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/psjkv3ce43g4pfhqit3289p8cdr3?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/psjkv3ce43g4pfhqit3289p8cdr3?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/psjkv3ce43g4pfhqit3289p8cdr3?variant=lqip","george-washington-carver-high-and-elementary","George Washington Carver High and Elementary",{"_35":321,"_65":708,"_74":709},{"_35":820,"_65":821,"_74":822},153,"1020 Gaskin Ave S, Douglas, GA 31533","

The first school on this site opened its doors on September 10th, 1923 at 9:00 am. Built with the help of the Rosenwald Fund, this five-teacher school provided classes to 125 Black students in grades one through nine during its first year of operation. This new school was named County Training Center.

\n\n

County Training Center Principals:
1923 – Professor M.H. Spencer
1927 – Mr. M. L. Brown
1929 – Mr. W. A. Kimbrough
1937 – Professor T.P. McLean
1938 – Mr. G. L. Edwards Walker
1939 – Mr. Rev. M.C. Pettigrew

\n\n

County Training Center 1923 & 2021

\n In 1940 the school was renamed George Washington Carver High and Elementary School. In order to accommodate a growing student body, buildings close to the school were rented to provide more classroom space and students attended classes in double shifts. This new schedule required the school's dedicated teachers to work extended hours.\n

\n\n

In the early 1950s, the State of Georgia began an accelerated program to build new schools across the state. Commonly known as equalization schools, the schools built under this program were part of an effort to make the dual education system truly “separate but equal” in an effort to stop school integration. Construction began on new facilities for George Washington Carver High and Elementary in March 1954. The new school opened in the fall of that year.

\n\n

George Washington Carver High and Elementary School Principals:
1940 – Mr. W.A. Kimbrough
1947 – Mr. M.A. Clark
1950 – Mr. L.N. Rogers
1957 – Mr. J.D. Murray

\n\n

The school year 1968-1969 was the last year George Washington Carver High and Elementary School was in operation. Once federally mandated integration was in place, the school facility became Coffee Junior High, and Carver’s principal, Mr. J. D. Murray, was named the Administrative Principal of the new Junior High School.

\n\n

\n\n\n

Mr. J. D. Murray Sr.'s 1970 Yearbook Dedication Read by Actor Julius Hollingsworth

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George Washington Carver High School 1966 & George Washington Carver Freshman Campus 2021

","#31b3d3",31.4963744,-82.8451725,[757,758,759,760,761],"George Washington Carver High and Elementary School’s former students and teachers remember their school in five videos which include photos and newspaper articles about their school. Carver opened in 1940 and offered eleven grades of study. In 1960 a twelfth-grade was added. Carver was the second school at this location. The first, County Training Center, was built with the help of the Rosenwald Fund.","The first school on this site opened its doors on September 10th, 1923 at 9:00 am. Built with the help of the Rosenwald Fund, this five-teacher school provided classes to 125 Black students in grades one through nine during its first year of operation. This new school was named County Training Center.\n\nCounty Training Center Principals:1923 – Professor M. H. Spencer1927 – Mr. M. L. Brown1929 – Mr. W. A. Kimbrough1937 – Professor T. P. McLean1938 – Mr. G. L. Edwards Walker1939 – Mr. Rev. M. C. Pettigrew\n\n\n\nCounty Training Center 1923 & 2021\n In 1940 the school was renamed George Washington Carver High and Elementary School. In order to accommodate a growing student body, buildings close to the school were rented to provide more classroom space and students attended classes in double shifts. This new schedule required the school's dedicated teachers to work extended hours.\n\n\nIn the early 1950s, the State of Georgia began an accelerated program to build new schools across the state. Commonly known as equalization schools, the schools built under this program were part of an effort to make the dual education system truly “separate but equal” in an effort to stop school integration. Construction began on new facilities for George Washington Carver High and Elementary in March 1954. The new school opened in the fall of that year. \n\nGeorge Washington Carver High and Elementary School Principals:1940 – Mr. W. A. Kimbrough1947 – Mr. M. A. Clark1950 – Mr. L. N. Rogers1957 – Mr. J. D. Murray\n\nThe school year 1968-1969 was the last year George Washington Carver High and Elementary School was in operation. Once federally mandated integration was in place, the school facility became Coffee Junior High, and Carver’s principal, Mr. J. D. Murray, was named the Administrative Principal of the new Junior High School.\n\n\n\n\nMr. J. D. Murray Sr.'s 1970 Yearbook Dedication Read by Actor Julius Hollingsworth\n\nGeorge Washington Carver High School 1966 & George Washington Carver Freshman Campus 2021",[145,756,737,737],{"_74":753,"_141":754,"_143":755},[],"Carver Alma Mater","George Washington Carver alumni sing their school's Alma Mater while we look through annuals. Singers: Yvonne Clay, Rosa Williamson, and Frank Moore","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/48j7wj6se958gy9wnwsrdbnfz546?variant=desktop","george-washington-carver-high-elementary",{"_111":678,"_108":24,"_141":754,"_152":153,"_154":811,"_156":812,"_158":813,"_160":814,"_35":815,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":753,"_172":812},{"_111":799,"_108":84,"_141":800,"_152":-5,"_154":801,"_156":802,"_158":803,"_160":804,"_35":727,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":805,"_172":802},{"_111":786,"_108":217,"_141":787,"_152":153,"_154":788,"_156":789,"_158":790,"_160":791,"_35":792,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":170,"_74":793,"_172":789},{"_111":432,"_108":659,"_141":774,"_152":153,"_154":775,"_156":776,"_158":777,"_160":778,"_35":779,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":780,"_172":776},{"_111":341,"_108":659,"_141":762,"_152":153,"_154":763,"_156":764,"_158":765,"_160":766,"_35":767,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":170,"_74":768,"_172":764},"A teacher remembers leading extracurricular activities at George Washington Carver High & Elementary School.","//player.vimeo.com/video/588905803","588905803","Screen Shot 2022-05-14 at 1.56.20 PM.jpeg",{"_173":769,"_175":770,"_177":771,"_179":772,"_181":773},1229,"Carver Activities","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/77hh4vritj7fhv5ui0ldg9x2487o","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/77hh4vritj7fhv5ui0ldg9x2487o?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/77hh4vritj7fhv5ui0ldg9x2487o?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/77hh4vritj7fhv5ui0ldg9x2487o?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/77hh4vritj7fhv5ui0ldg9x2487o?variant=lqip","When Mr. Frank Roundtree begins teaching, he learns that part of his job is to raise money for school supplies.","//player.vimeo.com/video/587150732","587150732","Screen Shot 2022-05-14 at 1.21.42 PM 2.jpeg",{"_173":781,"_175":782,"_177":783,"_179":784,"_181":785},1228,"Mr. Frank Roundtree and School Supplies","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/aslpjgsecx2tgy3ltg1gxvfrazuy","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/aslpjgsecx2tgy3ltg1gxvfrazuy?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/aslpjgsecx2tgy3ltg1gxvfrazuy?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/aslpjgsecx2tgy3ltg1gxvfrazuy?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/aslpjgsecx2tgy3ltg1gxvfrazuy?variant=lqip",1090,"George Washington Carver students remember their teachers.","//player.vimeo.com/video/589381838","589381838","Screen Shot 2022-05-14 at 1.08.17 PM.jpeg",{"_173":794,"_175":795,"_177":796,"_179":797,"_181":798},1227,"Our Carver Teachers","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/361uhok0s4ufjobd10qt8sa33v8l","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/361uhok0s4ufjobd10qt8sa33v8l?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/361uhok0s4ufjobd10qt8sa33v8l?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/361uhok0s4ufjobd10qt8sa33v8l?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/361uhok0s4ufjobd10qt8sa33v8l?variant=lqip",973,"Two alumni remember attending George Washington Carver High and Elementary School before the school was renovated and expanded.","//player.vimeo.com/video/558482205","558482205","558482205.jpg",{"_173":806,"_175":807,"_177":808,"_179":809,"_181":810},"Carver Before 1960","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/d7y7osxgvh6tvegop1lvljgyurgk","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/d7y7osxgvh6tvegop1lvljgyurgk?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/d7y7osxgvh6tvegop1lvljgyurgk?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/d7y7osxgvh6tvegop1lvljgyurgk?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/d7y7osxgvh6tvegop1lvljgyurgk?variant=lqip","//player.vimeo.com/video/558831046","558831046","Carver Alma Mater Thumbnail.jpeg",{"_173":816,"_175":817,"_177":818,"_179":755,"_181":819},1220,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/48j7wj6se958gy9wnwsrdbnfz546","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/48j7wj6se958gy9wnwsrdbnfz546?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/48j7wj6se958gy9wnwsrdbnfz546?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/48j7wj6se958gy9wnwsrdbnfz546?variant=lqip",241,"bryan-street-gym","Bryan Street Gym",{"_35":529,"_65":737,"_74":738},{"_35":851,"_65":18,"_74":852},243,"200 South Madison Ave, Douglas, GA","

Bryan Street Gym was built for Douglas High School and community use in 1951. Douglas High School and later Douglas Junior High held physical education classes, basketball games, band concerts, and graduations in this gymnasium. After the passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, the Coffee County School System received Title 1 funding for summer school programs including a physical education program for students in the Bryan Street Gym. Community groups rented the gym from the school system at modest fees for cultural events, beauty contests, and political meetings. In September 1969 when Judge Alexander Lawrence ordered the Coffee School system to desegregate immediately, the Citizens League for Better Government called for a boycott of the schools. On the evening of October 1, 1969, the School Board voted to close the public schools. That night, violence in the county increased and continued through the weekend. The Citizens League invited Governor Lester Maddox to speak to the community. On October 7th the Governor spoke to an enthusiastic crowd at the Bryan Street Gym after being introduced by his former Coffee County campaign manager, Jimmy Weeks, who was later convicted of assaulting an FBI agent and sentenced to a 10-year prison term. The Governor made it clear that he supported the boycott of the county’s schools and encouraged continued resistance saying, “To do less than you are doing would be to betray your children. Our government is surrendering to political expediency.” He also suggested that attendees write to President Nixon and tell him that they wanted local control of the schools.

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In November 1970 Citizen’s Christian Academy, a private school founded by the Citizen’s League for Better Government, requested the use of the gym for their school’s Basketball games. The school board granted this request with some restrictions.

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Bryan Street Gym remained in use until 1996. It was demolished in early 1997 and replaced by the current community center which opened on September 1, 1998.

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","

",31.5068265,-82.8487489,[840],"Built as a gym for Douglas High School and for community use in 1951, this gym was available to community organizations for rental. In addition to school use, political rallies, dance recitals, beauty contests, and other local events were held here. In 1970 the Coffee County School Board agreed to rent this gymnasium to Citizens Christian Academy for their school basketball games.\n\n ","Bryan Street Gym was built for Douglas High School and community use in 1951. Douglas High School and later Douglas Junior High held physical education classes, basketball games, band concerts, and graduations in this gymnasium. After the passage of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, the Coffee County School System received Title 1 funding for summer school programs including a physical education program for students in the Bryan Street Gym. Community groups rented the gym from the school system at modest fees for cultural events, beauty contests, and political meetings. In September 1969 when Judge Alexander Lawrence ordered the Coffee School system to desegregate immediately, the Citizens League for Better Government called for a boycott of the schools. On the evening of October 1, 1969, the School Board voted to close the public schools. That night, violence in the county increased and continued through the weekend. The Citizens League invited Governor Lester Maddox to speak to the community. On October 7th the Governor spoke to an enthusiastic crowd at the Bryan Street Gym after being introduced by his former Coffee County campaign manager, Jimmy Weeks, who was later convicted of assaulting an FBI agent and sentenced to a 10-year prison term. The Governor made it clear that he supported the boycott of the county’s schools and encouraged continued resistance saying, “To do less than you are doing would be to betray your children. Our government is surrendering to political expediency.” He also suggested that attendees write to President Nixon and tell him that they wanted local control of the schools.\n\nIn November 1970 Citizen’s Christian Academy, a private school founded by the Citizen’s League for Better Government, requested the use of the gym for their school’s Basketball games. The school board granted this request with some restrictions.\n\nBryan Street Gym remained in use until 1996. It was demolished in early 1997 and replaced by the current community center which opened on September 1, 1998.\n\n",[145,821,821],{"_74":837,"_141":838,"_143":839},[],"Gov. Lester Maddox Speaks to Followers","When the schools were closed due to threats of violence, the group opposed to integration invited segregationist Governor Lester Maddox to speak. Gov. Maddox encouraged the crowd to continue their school boycott.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/brpywiu07zxxoyjl3nctcsw0wkuu?variant=desktop",{"_111":841,"_108":24,"_141":838,"_152":153,"_154":842,"_156":843,"_158":844,"_160":845,"_35":846,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":170,"_74":837,"_172":843},1099,"//player.vimeo.com/video/712170941","712170941","712170941.jpg",{"_173":847,"_175":848,"_177":849,"_179":839,"_181":850},1237,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/brpywiu07zxxoyjl3nctcsw0wkuu","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/brpywiu07zxxoyjl3nctcsw0wkuu?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/brpywiu07zxxoyjl3nctcsw0wkuu?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/brpywiu07zxxoyjl3nctcsw0wkuu?variant=lqip",154,"Coca Cola Bottling Plant",{"_35":820,"_65":821,"_74":822},{"_35":895,"_65":896,"_74":897},"211 E Ashley St, Douglas, GA 31533, USA","The success of the Coca-Cola Company in the late 19th and early 20th century impacted small towns throughout the state of Georgia. Douglas was home to a Coca-Cola Bottling Plant for decades. Coca-Cola's first and second Douglas locations were on South Peterson Avenue. The plant then moved to Ward Street. Its final home was on Ashley Street across from Douglas Junior High. In the 1960s a civil rights protest was averted when George Washington Carver High principal, Mr. J.D. Murray Sr., convinced high school students that protesting the Coca-Cola Plant would not be productive.","#D32F2F",31.5082981,-82.8488752,[884],"A protest is averted when the principal of George Washington Carver High and Elementary School, Mr. J.D. Murray, learns of the student’s plans.","The success of the Coca-Cola Company in the late 19th and early 20th century impacted small towns throughout the state of Georgia. Douglas was home to a Coca-Cola Bottling Plant for decades. Coca-Cola's first and second Douglas locations were on South Peterson Avenue. The plant then moved to Ward Street. Its final home was on Ashley Street across from Douglas Junior High. In the 1960s a civil rights protest was averted when George Washington Carver High principal, Mr. J. D. Murray Sr., convinced high school students that protesting the Coca-Cola Plant would not be productive.",[145,868,868,869,870,871,872,873,874,875,876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,18],{"_74":852,"_141":866,"_143":867},[],"High school students plan a protest.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/perbr4cm3p77j530vl29do68l0os?variant=desktop","colored-recreation-center-the-roundtree-center","c","co","coca","coca-co","coca-cola","coca-cola-b","coca-cola-bol","coca-cola-boll","coca-cola-bot","coca-cola-bottl","coca-cola-bott","coca-cola-bottel","coca-cola-botteling","coca-cola-botteling-pla","coca-cola-botteling-plant",{"_111":885,"_108":261,"_141":866,"_152":558,"_154":886,"_156":887,"_158":888,"_160":889,"_35":890,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":852,"_172":887},956,"//player.vimeo.com/video/562030360","562030360","562030360.jpg",{"_173":891,"_175":892,"_177":893,"_179":867,"_181":894},1068,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/perbr4cm3p77j530vl29do68l0os","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/perbr4cm3p77j530vl29do68l0os?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/perbr4cm3p77j530vl29do68l0os?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/perbr4cm3p77j530vl29do68l0os?variant=lqip",149,"douglas-junior-high","Douglas Junior High",{"_35":851,"_65":18,"_74":852},{"_35":926,"_65":927,"_74":928},150,"Douglas Parks & Recreation, 200 S Madison Ave Ste C, Douglas, GA 31533, USA","

Georgia Normal Business College moved to Douglas in 1908. The influx of students and teachers gave a boost to the local economy and three handsome buildings were added to the city’s landscape. In 1920 the Business College moved to the Sweat Dent building on Ward Street and Douglas High School took over the Business College’s former campus. Douglas High School closed in 1955 when the new Coffee County High School opened on South Peterson Avenue. Douglas Junior High moved into the former Douglas High School building on the southeast corner of Ashley Street and Madison Avenue.

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While most school facilities in the county were renovated in 1954, the building housing Douglas Junior High received only routine maintenance. By the 1960s, the age of the building was evident to students and teachers. The school’s windows, designed in 1908 to maximize airflow, were too large for air-conditioning units and lacked screens. To some students, this was an asset. Students routinely climbed out of the windows for a quick trip to the drug store across the street.

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In the first year of voluntary school desegregation (1965-1966), two girls were persuaded to attend Douglas Junior High as transfer students. A few days after school had begun, Juanita Harrell Williams and Linda Joyce Mitchell Graham walked into the school accompanied by their fathers and Van Davis, Coffee County’s School Superintendent. It had taken some time to convince the best friends to leave Carver High & Elementary School. Once they were assured that their class schedules would be identical, they agreed to attend Douglas Junior High. Looking back on this experience they said, “We didn’t have the sense to be afraid.” When Coffee County Schools were desegregated in September 1969, Junior High School students were moved to the Carver campus. The buildings that had been home to Georgia Normal Business College, Douglas High School, and Douglas Junior High, were beyond repair and eventually razed.

",31.50775036,-82.84892056,[916],"Douglas Junior High was the third and last school to occupy a building built originally for Georgia Normal Business College. Here you can listen as two women talk about the day they walked into the building as the school’s first Black students. ","Georgia Normal Business College moved to Douglas in 1908. The influx of students and teachers gave a boost to the local economy and three handsome buildings were added to the city’s landscape. In 1920 the Business College moved to the Sweat Dent building on Ward Street and Douglas High School took over the Business College’s former campus. Douglas High School closed in 1955 when the new Coffee County High School opened on South Peterson Avenue. Douglas Junior High moved into the former Douglas High School building on the southeast corner of Ashley Street and Madison Avenue.\n\nWhile most school facilities in the county were renovated in 1954, the building housing Douglas Junior High received only routine maintenance. By the 1960s, the age of the building was evident to students and teachers. The school’s windows, designed in 1908 to maximize airflow, were too large for air-conditioning units and lacked screens. To some students, this was an asset. Students routinely climbed out of the windows for a quick trip to the drug store across the street.\n\nIn the first year of voluntary school desegregation (1965-1966), two girls were persuaded to attend Douglas Junior High as transfer students. A few days after school had begun, Juanita Harrell Williams and Linda Joyce Mitchell Graham walked into the school accompanied by their fathers and Van Davis, Coffee County’s School Superintendent. It had taken some time to convince the best friends to leave Carver High & Elementary School. Once they were assured that their class schedules would be identical, they agreed to attend Douglas Junior High. Looking back on this experience they said, “We didn’t have the sense to be afraid.” When Coffee County Schools were desegregated in September 1969, Junior High School students were moved to the Carver campus. The buildings that had been home to Georgia Normal Business College, Douglas High School, and Douglas Junior High, were beyond repair and eventually razed.\n",[145,914,915,896,896],{"_74":911,"_141":912,"_143":913},[],"First Day of School","In September, 1965, two eighth graders walk into a new school and learn life lessons in addition to academic lessons.\nTrigger warning: Racial Slur","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/qi25krrixbzazvg58j3fdrcice2o?variant=desktop","coffee-county-junior-high","coffee-county-junior-high-central-elementary",{"_111":691,"_108":261,"_141":912,"_152":-5,"_154":917,"_156":918,"_158":919,"_160":920,"_35":921,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":911,"_172":918},"//player.vimeo.com/video/573687369","573687369","573687369.jpg",{"_173":922,"_175":923,"_177":924,"_179":913,"_181":925},1214,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/qi25krrixbzazvg58j3fdrcice2o","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/qi25krrixbzazvg58j3fdrcice2o?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/qi25krrixbzazvg58j3fdrcice2o?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/qi25krrixbzazvg58j3fdrcice2o?variant=lqip",147,"martin-theater","Martin Theater",{"_35":895,"_65":896,"_74":897},{"_35":931,"_65":986,"_74":987},148,"109 E Ashley St, Douglas, GA 31533","

Construction began on the Martin Theater in 1940 and it opened later that year. It was built to seat 1500 people and was one of the first fully air-conditioned buildings in the city of Douglas. The architectural plan included a full stage area with wings to accommodate live performances. Because of this feature, the building continues to be an asset to the community hosting live performances year-round. Theaters built during the segregation era had separate entrances for Black patrons who then sat in the balcony. Martin Theater’s Black entrance was on the west side of the building. Black patrons entered a room with two doors. One of these doors led to the balcony staircase. Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed segregation, community habits didn’t change until the 1970s. The Martin Theater closed in 1978.

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Martin Theater 1950 & 2021

\n\n",31.5083545,-82.8498849,[948,949,950],"Douglas, Georgia’s Martin Theater was built as a segregated facility in 1940 to seat 1500 patrons. While officially desegregated in 1964, it wasn’t until the early 1970s that segregation barriers began to break down. View three videos narrated by community members detailing this process.","Construction began on the Martin Theater in 1940 and it opened later that year. It was built to seat 1500 people and was one of the first fully air-conditioned buildings in the city of Douglas. The architectural plan included a full stage area with wings to accommodate live performances. Because of this feature, the building continues to be an asset to the community hosting live performances year-round. Theaters built during the segregation era had separate entrances for Black patrons who then sat in the balcony. Martin Theater’s Black entrance was on the west side of the building. Black patrons entered a room with two doors. One of these doors led to the balcony staircase. Although the Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed segregation, community habits didn’t change until the 1970s. The Martin Theater closed in 1978.\n\nMartin Theater 1950 & 2021\n\n",[145,945,945,946,947,927],{"_74":942,"_141":943,"_143":944},[],"Our Movie Theater","Coffee County residents remember segregation in the county’s movie theaters.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/y47pho6hs6gc9jpe038pugumvnj9?variant=desktop","martin-theatre","martin-theatr","martin-theat",{"_111":970,"_108":24,"_141":943,"_152":153,"_154":977,"_156":978,"_158":979,"_160":980,"_35":981,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":942,"_172":978},{"_111":964,"_108":84,"_141":965,"_152":-5,"_154":966,"_156":967,"_158":968,"_160":969,"_35":970,"_163":-5,"_165":-5,"_167":-5,"_168":234,"_169":-5,"_74":971,"_172":967},{"_111":951,"_108":217,"_141":952,"_152":153,"_154":953,"_156":954,"_158":955,"_160":956,"_35":957,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":958,"_172":954},1078,"A young girl works in the box office of the Martin Theater and witnesses the slow integration process.","//player.vimeo.com/video/592815275","592815275","Screen Shot 2021-08-26 at 1.44.53 PM.jpeg",{"_173":959,"_175":960,"_177":961,"_179":962,"_181":963},1215,"Martin Theater 1971-1973","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/lc5spnzf03r2rv785roc5y7d7rq7","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/lc5spnzf03r2rv785roc5y7d7rq7?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/lc5spnzf03r2rv785roc5y7d7rq7?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/lc5spnzf03r2rv785roc5y7d7rq7?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/lc5spnzf03r2rv785roc5y7d7rq7?variant=lqip",967,"A woman recalls her early attempt to integrate the Douglas, Georgia's Martin Theater. \nTrigger warning: Racial Slur","//player.vimeo.com/video/572343922","572343922","572343922.jpg",{"_173":972,"_175":973,"_177":974,"_179":975,"_181":976},1079,"Martin Theater 1964","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mj2oogj6e9nerqujeduhnt8a3yug","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mj2oogj6e9nerqujeduhnt8a3yug?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mj2oogj6e9nerqujeduhnt8a3yug?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mj2oogj6e9nerqujeduhnt8a3yug?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/mj2oogj6e9nerqujeduhnt8a3yug?variant=lqip","//player.vimeo.com/video/615409800","615409800","Screen Shot 2021-09-26 at 4.15.45 PM 2.jpeg",{"_173":982,"_175":983,"_177":984,"_179":944,"_181":985},1216,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/y47pho6hs6gc9jpe038pugumvnj9","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/y47pho6hs6gc9jpe038pugumvnj9?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/y47pho6hs6gc9jpe038pugumvnj9?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/y47pho6hs6gc9jpe038pugumvnj9?variant=lqip","rivoli-theatre","Rivoli Theatre",{"_35":926,"_65":927,"_74":928},{"_35":1036,"_65":1037,"_74":1038},"101 N Peterson Ave, Douglas, GA 31533, USA","

The first movie theater in Coffee County, the Alcazar Theatre, opened in 1909 on this site. It was later known as the Palace Theatre. In 1922 the theater was bought by W. H. Carroll who renovated and then reopened it as The Rivoli Theatre in February of that year. He named Mr. M. H. Epstein as manager. During the Ku Klux Klan's 1924 resurgence, W.D. Griffith’s silent film, Birth of a Nation, was re-released to great fanfare. In every town showing the film, locals were asked to dress in Klan regalia in celebration of the film. Segregation laws required Black patrons to sit in the balcony, but during the showing of Birth Of A Nation, all seats in the theater were reserved for White patrons only. The Rivoli changed hands again in 1939 when it was bought by the Martin Theater Company which also began constructing the Martin Theater two blocks south on Ashley Street. Once the Martin Theater began operation, The Rivoli was referred to by locals as the “old show” and although not Black-owned, industry sources indicate that it was run as a Black-only theater from 1952 until it closed in 1957.

\n\n

Rivoli Theater Location 1920 & 2021

",31.50934325,-82.85052292,[1002,1003,1004],"The Rivoli Theatre opened in Douglas, Georgia in 1922 in the same building as the county's first movie theater, The Alcazar Theatre, which had opened in 1909. Once a second theater, The Martin Theatre, opened in 1940, The Rivoli evolved to become a Black Only movie house. It closed in 1957. One video, photographs, and newspaper articles tell the story of this long-gone community institution.","The first movie theater in Coffee County, the Alcazar Theatre, opened in 1909 on this site. It was later known as the Palace Theatre. In 1922 the theater was bought by W. H. Carroll who renovated and then reopened it as The Rivoli Theatre in February of that year. He named Mr. M. H. Epstein as manager. During the Ku Klux Klan's 1924 resurgence, W. D. Griffith’s silent film, Birth of a Nation, was re-released to great fanfare. In every town showing the film, locals were asked to dress in Klan regalia in celebration of the film. Segregation laws required Black patrons to sit in the balcony, but during the showing of Birth Of A Nation, all seats in the theater were reserved for White patrons only. The Rivoli changed hands again in 1939 when it was bought by the Martin Theater Company which also began constructing the Martin Theater two blocks south on Ashley Street. Once the Martin Theater began operation, The Rivoli was referred to by locals as the “old show” and although not Black-owned, industry sources indicate that it was run as a Black-only theater from 1952 until it closed in 1957.\n\n\n\nRivoli Theater Location 1920 & 2021",[145,986,986],{"_74":287,"_141":1000,"_143":1001},[],"Two movie theaters offer different experiences to the community's children. Locals called these movie theatres, \"The Old Show and the New Show.\"","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/t1lu6jxfsrxhw0rx8n2cr5bvesjj?variant=desktop",{"_111":1027,"_108":24,"_141":1000,"_152":153,"_154":1028,"_156":1029,"_158":1030,"_160":1031,"_35":456,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":287,"_172":1029},{"_111":1016,"_108":84,"_141":1017,"_152":153,"_154":-5,"_156":-5,"_158":1018,"_160":1019,"_35":1020,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":1018,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":1021,"_172":-5},{"_111":1005,"_108":217,"_141":1006,"_152":153,"_154":-5,"_156":-5,"_158":1007,"_160":1008,"_35":1009,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":1007,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":1010,"_172":-5},657,"Douglas, Georgia movie theater patrons pose for a photo in 1923.\nPhotograph from the Rodgers Studio Collection, Coffee County Historical Society ","16263776606.jpeg",{"_173":1011,"_175":1012,"_177":1013,"_179":1014,"_181":1015},743,"Rivoli Theatre 1923","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/5c4c013q5dr9vma1yeqmg7g9e3cs","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/5c4c013q5dr9vma1yeqmg7g9e3cs?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/5c4c013q5dr9vma1yeqmg7g9e3cs?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/5c4c013q5dr9vma1yeqmg7g9e3cs?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/5c4c013q5dr9vma1yeqmg7g9e3cs?variant=lqip",656,"A gathering in front of the Rivoli Theatre. \nPhotograph from the Rodgers Studio Collection, Coffee County Historical Society","16263775903.jpeg",{"_173":1022,"_175":1023,"_177":1024,"_179":1025,"_181":1026},742,"Rivoli Theatre 1933","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/c1x2zm5aomvrl0m2hinop70zs6wv","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/c1x2zm5aomvrl0m2hinop70zs6wv?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/c1x2zm5aomvrl0m2hinop70zs6wv?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/c1x2zm5aomvrl0m2hinop70zs6wv?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/c1x2zm5aomvrl0m2hinop70zs6wv?variant=lqip",981,"//player.vimeo.com/video/574078403","574078403","574078403.jpg",{"_173":1032,"_175":1033,"_177":1034,"_179":1001,"_181":1035},"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/t1lu6jxfsrxhw0rx8n2cr5bvesjj","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/t1lu6jxfsrxhw0rx8n2cr5bvesjj?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/t1lu6jxfsrxhw0rx8n2cr5bvesjj?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/t1lu6jxfsrxhw0rx8n2cr5bvesjj?variant=lqip",250,"peterson-avenue","Peterson Avenue",{"_35":931,"_65":986,"_74":987},{"_35":1117,"_65":1118,"_74":1119},252,"5117 Willows Ln, Blackshear, GA 31516, USA","

\n\n

Peterson Avenue 1920 & 2021

Peterson Avenue was originally called Main Street and, at times, Broad Street. Initially, it extended just two blocks north of Courthouse Square ending at a large Oak tree in front of Benejah Peterson’s log boarding house. Peterson was an entrepreneur with a boarding house and a store. He also ran the post office. It was reported that he “tried to take care of the whole county.” Peterson owned much of the land in Douglas. In 1887 he had the town surveyed, streets planned, and he began selling lots. In 1899, Main Street was renamed Walnut Street and by 1903, after considering using convict labor to maintain Douglas streets, the city imposed a street tax. Eventually named Peterson Avenue, the former Main Street connected to a highway that was also the central thoroughfare of Eatonton, Georgia, 151 miles north. This highway was known as the Uncle Remus Route after the character popularized by Eatonton native Joel Chandler Harris. In 1911 the Douglas chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy augmented the Uncle Remus Route by erecting a Confederate Monument at the intersection of Peterson Avenue and Sycamore, later known as Ashley Street. In 1948, the Uncle Remus Route became U.S. Highway 441 creating a tourist route from Cornelia, Georgia to Lake City, Florida, and a new source of revenue for the city of Douglas.

At the heart of the city, Peterson Avenue has been the site of many parades, celebrations, and political rallies originating on Courthouse Square and extending into the street. 1954's Centennial Celebration included six parades in one week; Pioneer & Statesman Day, Agricultural Day featuring a Kangaroo Court, Youth Day, Good Neighbor and County Day, Negro Day, and Veterans Day Parades.

\n\n

Centennial Negro Day Parade - May 14, 1954

\n\n

",31.508903,-82.850366,[1055,1056,1057,1058,1059],"Once called Main Street, Broad Street, and Walnut Street; Peterson Avenue runs in front of the Courthouse and through the heart of Coffee County. Parades, political rallies, and celebrations take place here. Three videos detail personal reactions to events in this very public place. ","\n\nPeterson Avenue 1920 & 2021Peterson Avenue was originally called Main Street and, at times, Broad Street. Initially, it extended just two blocks north of Courthouse Square ending at a large Oak tree in front of Benejah Peterson’s log boarding house. Peterson was an entrepreneur with a boarding house and a store. He also ran the post office. It was reported that he “tried to take care of the whole county.” Peterson owned much of the land in Douglas. In 1887 he had the town surveyed, streets planned, and he began selling lots. In 1899, Main Street was renamed Walnut Street and by 1903, after considering using convict labor to maintain Douglas streets, the city imposed a street tax. Eventually named Peterson Avenue, the former Main Street connected to a highway that was also the central thoroughfare of Eatonton, Georgia, 151 miles north. This highway was known as the Uncle Remus Route after the character popularized by Eatonton native Joel Chandler Harris. In 1911 the Douglas chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy augmented the Uncle Remus Route by erecting a Confederate Monument at the intersection of Peterson Avenue and Sycamore, later known as Ashley Street. In 1948, the Uncle Remus Route became U. S. Highway 441 creating a tourist route from Cornelia, Georgia to Lake City, Florida, and a new source of revenue for the city of Douglas. At the heart of the city, Peterson Avenue has been the site of many parades, celebrations, and political rallies originating on Courthouse Square and extending into the street. 1954's Centennial Celebration included six parades in one week; Pioneer & Statesman Day, Agricultural Day featuring a Kangaroo Court, Youth Day, Good Neighbor and County Day, Negro Day, and Veterans Day Parades.\n\nCentennial Negro Day Parade - May 14, 1954\n\n",[145,1037,1037],{"_74":1052,"_141":1053,"_143":1054},[],"A Walk Down Peterson Avenue","A little boy is surprised by his grandfather's behavior.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/1ig37t08hbp7g5n71bgha4k0f87p?variant=desktop",{"_111":1107,"_108":24,"_141":1053,"_152":153,"_154":1108,"_156":1109,"_158":1110,"_160":1111,"_35":1112,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":1052,"_172":1109},{"_111":1095,"_108":84,"_141":1096,"_152":153,"_154":1097,"_156":1098,"_158":1099,"_160":1100,"_35":951,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":1101,"_172":1098},{"_111":1082,"_108":217,"_141":1083,"_152":153,"_154":1084,"_156":1085,"_158":1086,"_160":1087,"_35":1088,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":1089,"_172":1085},{"_111":1071,"_108":659,"_141":1072,"_152":153,"_154":-5,"_156":-5,"_158":1073,"_160":1074,"_35":1075,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":1073,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":1076,"_172":-5},{"_111":1060,"_108":164,"_141":1061,"_152":153,"_154":-5,"_156":-5,"_158":1062,"_160":1063,"_35":1064,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":1062,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":1065,"_172":-5},763,"Photograph from Walter Jardine's personal collection.","16320731171.jpeg",{"_173":1066,"_175":1067,"_177":1068,"_179":1069,"_181":1070},862,"Fairy Tale Parade March 2, 1952","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ytx9gzywj5ctk1ghkwtkdys46emi","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ytx9gzywj5ctk1ghkwtkdys46emi?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ytx9gzywj5ctk1ghkwtkdys46emi?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ytx9gzywj5ctk1ghkwtkdys46emi?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/ytx9gzywj5ctk1ghkwtkdys46emi?variant=lqip",762,"On March 2, 1952 Douglas hosted a Fairy Tale Parade for the White children of the county. The event was highlighted in the Atlanta Journal Constitution. Photograph from Walter Jardine's personal collection.","16320730865.jpeg",{"_173":1077,"_175":1078,"_177":1079,"_179":1080,"_181":1081},861,"Cinderella Float in the Fairy Tale Parade","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/doyikm0lqb7infdlgghzogpdki58","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/doyikm0lqb7infdlgghzogpdki58?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/doyikm0lqb7infdlgghzogpdki58?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/doyikm0lqb7infdlgghzogpdki58?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/doyikm0lqb7infdlgghzogpdki58?variant=lqip",948,"A young lawyer describes his view of Peterson Avenue when the Citizens League for Better Government holds a rally on the Courthouse Square.","//player.vimeo.com/video/580943542","580943542","Screen Shot 2022-04-27 at 9.10.56 PM.jpeg",{"_173":1090,"_175":1091,"_177":1092,"_179":1093,"_181":1094},1060,"Rally at the Courthouse - Peterson Avenue","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/3l1da7eiw19uzleb3bzibl8uxrht","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/3l1da7eiw19uzleb3bzibl8uxrht?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/3l1da7eiw19uzleb3bzibl8uxrht?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/3l1da7eiw19uzleb3bzibl8uxrht?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/3l1da7eiw19uzleb3bzibl8uxrht?variant=lqip",966,"Three community members remember Coffee County's Centennial in 1954.","//player.vimeo.com/video/575182149","575182149","Screen Shot 2022-05-14 at 11.42.17 PM.jpeg",{"_173":1102,"_175":1103,"_177":1104,"_179":1105,"_181":1106},"Centennial Parade 1954","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/0hzsi8rrt8z9rnf8atyytjxot9xz","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/0hzsi8rrt8z9rnf8atyytjxot9xz?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/0hzsi8rrt8z9rnf8atyytjxot9xz?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/0hzsi8rrt8z9rnf8atyytjxot9xz?variant=desktop","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/0hzsi8rrt8z9rnf8atyytjxot9xz?variant=lqip",946,"//player.vimeo.com/video/552511999","552511999","petersonthumbnail2.jpeg",{"_173":1113,"_175":1114,"_177":1115,"_179":1054,"_181":1116},1058,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/1ig37t08hbp7g5n71bgha4k0f87p","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/1ig37t08hbp7g5n71bgha4k0f87p?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/1ig37t08hbp7g5n71bgha4k0f87p?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/1ig37t08hbp7g5n71bgha4k0f87p?variant=lqip",146,"coffee-county-courthouse","Coffee County Courthouse",{"_35":1036,"_65":1037,"_74":1038},"101 S Peterson Ave, Douglas, GA 31533","

Coffee County Courthouse 1940 to 2021

Coffee County has had four courthouses since its founding in 1854. The first courthouse, built in 1856 on Main Street, now Peterson Avenue, was directly across the street from the site of today’s courthouse. Coursey Cato nailed the last shingle onto the new wooden structure. He then stood on his head to signal that the building was finished and law and order had a home in Coffee County. Five years later, on January 2, 1861, an election held in the courthouse was certified. Over sixty percent of the county’s voters chose Rowan Pafford and J.H. Frier, \"cooperationists\", to represent the county at a state convention and oppose Georgia's secession from the Union. They attended the convention and voted against secession from the Union on every vote taken by the convention. However, once secession was passed by the majority, Pafford and Frier voted to ratify the Confederate Constitution as Georgia joined the Confederate States of America.

\n\n

The courthouse became an important gathering place for citizens of the county. In the 1870s Superior Court, known locally as \"Big Court,\" met on the fourth Monday of October. Many county residents traveled to Douglas to participate. It was an arduous journey because the county's infrastructure was minimal. There were no bridges or railroads. Once in Douglas, accommodations were scarce. Visitors set up campsites in the town's main square.

\n\n

In 1890 a new courthouse\n was built across the street from the original courthouse on land which had first been used as a racetrack. This structure was also wooden and in 1896 it burned during a contentious election. Documents pertaining to property ownership and other records were saved, but the uncounted ballots were lost. The election remained in dispute with Democrats eventually gaining control. Three days after the fire, the court was moved to temporary quarters and a grand jury immediately recommended the construction of a new courthouse. On January 31, 1900 an imposing, brick courthouse with fireproof vaults opened.\n

\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Exterior & Interior of Courthouse Built in 1900

A 1935 report produced by the Works Progress Administration found the Coffee County Courthouse in disrepair, with offices too small to function well and lacking in overall cleanliness. It burned\n the evening of November 25, 1938, one day following that year's Thanksgiving celebration.

\n\n\n

The current courthouse was built and completed in 1940, and in 1941 the Confederate Monument was moved from the intersection of Peterson and Ashley Streets to Courthouse Square. To comply with segregation laws, the new courthouse had a bathroom and a water fountain designated for Black citizens. These were the only facilities available for use by the Black community in downtown Douglas until after the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964.

\n\n

Courthouse Square continued to be the site of county meetings and celebrations including the “Tobacco Days” celebrations and in 1954, the county’s Centennial. In the early 1960s, many of the county’s children went to the courthouse for the first time to receive the Polio vaccine. When the question of school integration arose, public school board hearings were held in the courthouse and broadcast on the local radio stations. The Citizens League for Better Government sued the School Board and when the hearing was held at the courthouse hundreds gathered to await the result and then attend a meeting on the Courthouse Square organized by the Citizens League. The Citizens League held a series of rallies at the courthouse. On August 5, 1969, Governor Lester Maddox spoke to a packed courtroom. When the School Board met on Oct 1, 1969, to vote on closing the schools temporarily, a last-minute Courthouse Square prayer meeting was called by local ministers. Parishioners attending regularly scheduled Wednesday night prayer meetings left their churches and assembled in the Courthouse Square.

\n\n

The courthouse continues to be a place where community members can express their concerns, honor their fellow citizens and celebrate achievement.

\n\n

\n",31.5085932,-82.8509789,[1134,1135,1136,1137,1138],"Courthouse Square, the home of the fourth Coffee County Courthouse, has functioned as a center for gatherings since the county’s founding in 1854. Hear eyewitnesses tell stories of happenings here in five videos. Learn about the three previous courthouses through photographs and newspaper articles. ","\nCoffee County Courthouse 1940 to 2021Coffee County has had four courthouses since its founding in 1854. The first courthouse, built in 1856 on Main Street, now Peterson Avenue, was directly across the street from the site of today’s courthouse. Coursey Cato nailed the last shingle onto the new wooden structure. He then stood on his head to signal that the building was finished and law and order had a home in Coffee County. Five years later, on January 2, 1861, an election held in the courthouse was certified. Over sixty percent of the county’s voters chose Rowan Pafford and J. H. Frier, \"cooperationists\", to represent the county at a state convention and oppose Georgia's secession from the Union. They attended the convention and voted against secession from the Union on every vote taken by the convention. However, once secession was passed by the majority, Pafford and Frier voted to ratify the Confederate Constitution as Georgia joined the Confederate States of America.\n\nThe courthouse became an important gathering place for citizens of the county. In the 1870s Superior Court, known locally as \"Big Court,\" met on the fourth Monday of October. Many county residents traveled to Douglas to participate. It was an arduous journey because the county's infrastructure was minimal. There were no bridges or railroads. Once in Douglas, accommodations were scarce. Visitors set up campsites in the town's main square.\n\nIn 1890 a new courthouse\n was built across the street from the original courthouse on land which had first been used as a racetrack. This structure was also wooden and in 1896 it burned during a contentious election. Documents pertaining to property ownership and other records were saved, but the uncounted ballots were lost. The election remained in dispute with Democrats eventually gaining control. Three days after the fire, the court was moved to temporary quarters and a grand jury immediately recommended the construction of a new courthouse. On January 31, 1900 an imposing, brick courthouse with fireproof vaults opened.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nExterior & Interior of Courthouse Built in 1900A 1935 report produced by the Works Progress Administration found the Coffee County Courthouse in disrepair, with offices too small to function well and lacking in overall cleanliness. It burned\n the evening of November 25, 1938, one day following that year's Thanksgiving celebration.\n\n\n The current courthouse was built and completed in 1940, and in 1941 the Confederate Monument was moved from the intersection of Peterson and Ashley Streets to Courthouse Square. To comply with segregation laws, the new courthouse had a bathroom and a water fountain designated for Black citizens. These were the only facilities available for use by the Black community in downtown Douglas until after the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964.\n\n Courthouse Square continued to be the site of county meetings and celebrations including the “Tobacco Days” celebrations and in 1954, the county’s Centennial. In the early 1960s, many of the county’s children went to the courthouse for the first time to receive the Polio vaccine. When the question of school integration arose, public school board hearings were held in the courthouse and broadcast on the local radio stations. 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Parishioners attending regularly scheduled Wednesday night prayer meetings left their churches and assembled in the Courthouse Square.\n\n The courthouse continues to be a place where community members can express their concerns, honor their fellow citizens and celebrate achievement.\n\n \n",[145,1118,1118],{"_74":1131,"_141":1132,"_143":1133},[],"Donna Lynn & Linda Joyce","When their fathers share a workplace, Donna Lynn and Linda Joyce become playmates and push the limits of the Jim Crow 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High School Students attend a pep rally in 1972. Photograph from Coffee High School's 1972 annual.","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/lhk82qemp3e01vymtt00y8x8rvr7?variant=desktop",{"_111":1247,"_35":24,"_74":1248},{"_111":1245,"_35":84,"_74":1246},{"_111":1243,"_35":217,"_74":1244},{"_111":1241,"_35":659,"_74":1242},34,"WALKING",33,"TRANSIT",32,"DRIVING",31,"BICYCLING",{"_111":1250,"_108":217,"_141":1235,"_152":153,"_154":-5,"_156":-5,"_158":1251,"_160":1252,"_35":1253,"_163":164,"_165":166,"_167":-5,"_168":-5,"_169":170,"_74":287,"_172":-5},128,"1972 Lance V01 (2) 5.jpg",{"_173":1254,"_175":1255,"_177":1256,"_179":1236,"_181":1257},1239,"https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/lhk82qemp3e01vymtt00y8x8rvr7","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/lhk82qemp3e01vymtt00y8x8rvr7?variant=mobile","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/lhk82qemp3e01vymtt00y8x8rvr7?variant=tablet","https://api.opentour.site/georgia-humanities/v4/public/media/lhk82qemp3e01vymtt00y8x8rvr7?variant=lqip",{"_108":24,"_111":1271,"_35":1271,"_74":1272,"_65":1273,"_1264":1274,"_128":26,"_1266":24},{"_108":84,"_111":1267,"_35":1267,"_74":1268,"_65":1269,"_1264":1270,"_128":26,"_1266":24},{"_108":217,"_111":1261,"_35":1261,"_74":1262,"_65":1263,"_1264":1265,"_128":26,"_1266":24},28,"Contact","contact","body","

To reach out to us with inquiries or comments, you may email us at:

playbackandfastforward@gmail.com

","tour_count",26,"Acknowledgments ","acknowledgments","

Presented by the Coffee County Memory Project in association with the Coffee County Historical Society, Carol Ray Morgan, President. With support from the Emory Center of Digital Scholarship and Georgia Humanities.

\n\n

Production Team

Project Director: T. Cat Ford

Project Manager: Thomas Johnson\n

Exhibition Design Consultant: Ricardo Mulero\n

Project Consultant: Carol Ray Morgan\n

Project Consultant: Dr. James A. Cottingham\n

Audio and Video Editor: T. Cat Ford\n

Art Director: Ricardo Mulero\n

Copy Editor: Carla B. Temple Eds. \n

Additional Photography: Thomas Johnson and Dr. James A. Cottingham\n

Research Consultant: Bro Uttal\n

Project Intern: Samina Patel\n

Carver Alma Mater Singers: Yvonne Clay, Rosa Williamson, and Frank Moore\n

J.D. Murray voiceover: Julius Hollingsworth

App Instructions: Buried History: Savannah's African American Legacy Tour \n

Additional Support

Jim Chervenak\n

Dr. G. Wayne Clough\n

Mary Beth Ingram\n

Center for Racial Healing, Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta\n

Annette Insdorf\n

Mark Toporek\n

Thomas Johnson \n

GA Tech Serve, Learn, Sustain\n

GA Tech Digital Media Lab\n

Rhymes Over Beats Theatre Company\n

HBMG Foundation

Research Assistance

Dr. James A. Cottingham\n

Thomas Johnson\n

Alphermease Moore\n

Brenda Cummings Simpson\n

Yvonne Clay\n

Erin Day\n

Carol Ray Morgan\n

Joe Sports\n

Dr. Rodney Ragsdale\n

Parker Smith\n

Danny Maley\n

The City of Douglas, Georgia\n

Office of the Coffee County School Superintendent\n

Coffee County School Board\n

The Douglas Enterprise\n

Satilla Regional Library\n

University of Georgia Library – Main Branch\n

Research Interns: Nabil Patel, Brice Minix, Bennett Bush, Kara Vaughn Adams

Bibliography

Coffee County Progress, Douglas, Georgia, 1913-1985

Coffee County School Board Minutes (1947-1972) Coffee County Board of Education

Daniel, Frank. Addresses of Lester Garfield Maddox Governor of Georgia 1967-1971. Atlanta, Georgia. Higgens MacArthur/Longino & Porter, Inc. (1971).

\"Desegregation of Public School Districts in Georgia: 34 Public Schools have Unitary Status, 74 Districts Remain Under Court Jurisdiction\" (2007). Georgia Advisory Committee to the United States Commission on Civil Rights

Hepworth, Jonathan “Through a Glass, Darkly; The Changing Past of Coffee County, Georgia” (2012). All Theses 1568. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1568/

Moffson, Steven \"Equalization Schools in Georgia's African-American Communities 1951-1970\" (2010). Historic Preservation Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources

The Douglas Enterprise, Douglas, Georgia, 1905-Present

Trowell, Chris T. Douglas Before Memory, 1854-1905, A Study of Everyday Like in a South Georgia Town. InstantPublisher, 2013

Ward, Warren P. Ward’s History of Coffee County. Atlanta, Georgia. Press of Foote & Davis Co., 1930

\n\n",27,"Introduction","introduction","

Coffee County Memory Project

This tour was created using audio recordings collected by the Coffee County Memory Project, an oral history project focusing on the federally mandated desegregation of Coffee County, Georgia schools. While this oral history project concentrates on the desegregation years, 1965 to 1972, our interviewees generously shared stories that pre-dated the desegregation period to give us a more holistic view of this very complicated subject. At each tour stop you will hear first-hand accounts of events in Coffee County’s history. To augment these accounts, you will see newspaper articles and historic photographs provided by the Coffee County Historical Society.

Coffee County Memory Project Methodology and Attribution

In June 2016 the Coffee County Memory Project in association with the Coffee County Historical Society began interviewing willing participants about their experiences of Coffee County school integration in the late 1960s and early 1970s. For the next four years former students, teachers, school administrators, concerned parents, and community activists shared their stories. These participants were given the choice of being anonymous or named. Most interviewees answered questions that were designed for this project. Others preferred to make private statements only. In a few instances, participants were interviewed with friends or spouses. Interviews ranged in length from ten minutes to two hours with the average interview lasting 45 minutes. Because participants were given a choice of being named or anonymous you will notice that audio attribution varies. You will see names, pseudonyms indicated by quotation marks, and, in some cases, descriptive terms such as “Young Lawyer” or “Teen Leader”. We are grateful to all who participated and are respectful of their wishes as to how they want their stories shared. Thanks to their participation, we have many more stories and perspectives to share with you and will be continuing this work.

If you would like to comment and/or share your story, email: playbackandfastforward@gmail.com

Tips for operating the web application:

\n•\tIn order to make the app work properly, your phone’s GPS will need to be turned on and you will need to give the app permission to use your GPS. Access those permissions via the top left menu (the icon has three lines). This menu also has \"tour home,\" which takes you to this tour's main page, and \"Introduction,\" which is this page you are reading.

•\tIf the directions still are not working, ensure the location services or GPS is enabled for your web browser. For iPhones, this should be found under Settings> Privacy> Location Services> Safari Websites> While using the app.\n

•\tFrom the main page, navigate the app either with the Map (middle button at the bottom) or Stops (bottom right). The Info button (bottom left) is on the home screen.\n

•\tFrom the \"Stops\" button, you can click on any Stop, or start from the beginning. The \"Map\" button allows you do to the same, by choosing the stops from the map. \n

•\tOnce you click on a stop, the \"Info\" button will show you pictures, videos, and text about that particular location. Click on any picture or video to get the full view and caption. Swipe through (or click the pictures' right or left sides) to see more pictures. \n

•\tAt each stop, the \"Map\" button will show you the location of the stop, Click the \"walking\" button to choose transportation mode (walking, bicycling, driving, or transit). Click directions to get turn-by-turn directions from your location to the stop.\n

•\tAlso at each stop, Click previous or next to advance to the next Stop without going back to the main page.\n

•\tClick the headphone icon and the app will read the text to you. Click the double-line “pause” button to stop the audio. \n

•\tIf you have technical problems with the app, email ecds@emory.edu. The author is responsible for all content, email playbackandfastforward@gmail.com with content questions or concerns. \n

•\tYou can do any portion of the tour, in any order. The digital tours work best on smartphones or tablets with cellular data while walking or driving around, however, it will also work on tablets and desktops for home and classroom use. For the driving version, please remember Georgia laws prohibit touching phones and similar devices while driving, so plan accordingly. Touring in groups works well so a “co-pilot” can provide directions and read the text.

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